A Brief History of Seven Killings

Marlon James

73 pages 2-hour read

Marlon James

A Brief History of Seven Killings

Fiction | Novel | Adult | Published in 2014

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Part 2Chapter Summaries & Analyses

Part 2: “Ambush in the Night. December 3, 1976”

Part 2, Chapter 1 Summary: “Nina Burgess”

Content Warning: This section of the guide includes discussion of racism, gender discrimination, antigay bias, sexual violence and harassment, rape, substance use, addiction, graphic violence, sexual content, death, and physical abuse.


Nina worries that the policemen will rape her. When the policemen stop the car and flirt with her, Nina accuses them of planning to rape her. The policemen turn quiet and take her home.


Nina sits in bed for several hours, thinking about the chaos that will soon descend on Kingston.

Part 2, Chapter 2 Summary: “Papa-Lo”

Several weeks earlier, the Singer was rehearsing with his band when a white man Papa-Lo didn’t know entered the studio. The white man discussed the Singer’s upcoming tour dates before discouraging him from thinking that he was welcome in the United States. He threatened the band’s visas, then vanished without a trace.


Security is heightened around the Singer’s estate. Papa-Lo tries to investigate the identity of the white man, but the Singer cannot describe him.

Part 2, Chapter 3 Summary: “Josey Wales”

Josey is upset with Nasser’s arrogance, but knows that Nasser will replace him if he doesn’t fall in line. Still, Josey wants to prove that Nasser doesn’t own the ghetto.


Weeper returns from having sex with a sex worker in Josey’s car. Josey expresses his concern about the younger gang members in their crew, but Weeper argues that boys are easier to control. Josey is so tense that he pulls a gun when Weeper makes a blasphemous joke about the boys. To defuse the tension, Weeper laughs about their own youth. This relieves Josey.

Part 2, Chapter 4 Summary: “Barry Diflorio”

After they drop their son off at school, Barry and Claire continue arguing about their stay in Jamaica. Claire stresses the emotional cost of supporting Barry’s career. Barry is unmoved, so Claire accuses him of being terrible at his job. Barry tries to beg out of the discussion, ultimately threatening her with physical abuse to stop talking.


Claire remains silent until she notices that Barry pulled their car up to the Singer’s house. She taunts him by hinting that she will go to the concert reception to seduce the Singer. Barry, suddenly serious, urges her not to go, which leads Claire to suspect that something is being planned. Barry denies it.

Part 2, Chapter 5 Summary: “Alex Pierce”

On his way back from a nightclub, Alex bumps into Mark Lansing, who offers to help him meet with the Singer.

Part 2, Chapter 6 Summary: “Papa-Lo”

It bothers Papa-Lo to think that Nasser is excluding him from private conversations with Josey. Papa-Lo has always been loyal to the JLP because they developed Copenhagen City. After the PNP won the 1972 election, the Eight Lanes stepped up their aggression. Papa-Lo led the retaliation, razing two Eight Lanes neighborhoods, assassinating the former Eight Lanes dons, and thus ushering Shotta Sherrif into power.

Part 2, Chapter 7 Summary: “Nina Burgess”

Nina is awoken by a call from Kimmy, who tries to teach her about Garveyism, an offshoot of Black nationalism stemming from the ideas of Marcus Garvey. Nina entertains the lecture until she gets annoyed by Kimmy’s concern for Nina’s lack of direction in life. Finally, Kimmy reveals that someone spotted Nina waiting outside the Singer’s house like a “groupie.” Nina strikes back by insulting Kimmy until she hangs up the phone. This firms Nina’s resolve to seek the Singer’s help.

Part 2, Chapter 8 Summary: “Josey Wales”

Josey first met Doctor Love, a Cuban counterrevolutionary, through Louis Johnson. During their first meeting, Doctor Love earned Josey’s trust by revealing that Johnson wanted to use Josey as a destabilization tool. He then offered Josey a link to the Medellín cartel. This encouraged Josey to foster bigger ambitions than the gang war in Kingston.


Josey goes to meet with Doctor Love, who urges Josey to do something that will get the attention of the Medellín cartel. Josey assures him that their forthcoming operation will be impressive enough.

Part 2, Chapter 9 Summary: “Barry Diflorio”

Claire earnestly asks Barry to explain his job. He recites his mission directive to conduct psychological warfare when foreign governments adopt pro-communist policies that threaten the United States. Claire doesn’t believe that this is true, based on the PNP’s relations with communist-allied countries in the region. She suspects that something bigger is going on that Barry knows nothing about.


The American embassy plans to revoke the Singer’s performance visa on exaggerated charges of drug trafficking. This will strengthen the United States’ relationship with Jamaica while also undermining the PNP. Barry is outraged to learn that Doctor Love has arrived in Kingston. Because Doctor Love is associated with several civilian bombings and assassinations, his presence threatens the success of their operation. Barry looks for Johnson to get answers.

Part 2, Chapter 10 Summary: “Papa-Lo”

Papa-Lo becomes certain that Josey is planning something devious when he connects the upcoming elections to Josey’s meetings with Nasser, Johnson, and Doctor Love. He goes to Josey’s house to confront him.

Part 2, Chapter 11 Summary: “Alex Pierce”

Mark Lansing, the US filmmaker, tells Alex that he was with the Singer and another journalist from Rolling Stone the previous night. Soon after, Alex gets a call from his editor demanding his piece on Mick Jagger. Alex tries to pitch his piece on the Singer instead, but the editor refuses and promises to fire him on his return home. The editor denies that he had sent anyone else to Kingston.


Mark doesn’t know who the other Rolling Stone journalist is, but claims that the journalist was interested in learning about gang tensions in Kingston. Mark offers to bring Alex along with his crew but asks Alex for a favor in return. He wants Alex to deliver a piece of luggage to his contact in New York. Mark claims that it is footage for the documentary, but Alex suspects it may be CIA material. When Alex expresses his intention to stay in Kingston, Mark urges him to leave.

Part 2, Chapter 12 Summary: “Nina Burgess”

Nina’s mother summons her home, where Nina is surprised by an intervention organized by Kimmy. Nina’s mother shames Nina for being promiscuous with the Singer. Nina calls out the double standard of judging her and the Singer when Kimmy also has a Rastafarian boyfriend named Ras Trent. Nina’s mother dismisses Ras Trent’s beliefs as a phase. She goes on to criticize Nina for treating Kimmy unfairly.


Nina’s mother eventually calls upon her husband’s intervention. Nina’s father physically abuses Nina with a belt. Nina kicks him in self-defense, grabbing the belt and striking him in return.

Part 2, Chapter 13 Summary: “Barry Diflorio”

Barry finds CIA agent Johnson at a gentlemen’s club with Doctor Love. Barry trails Johnson and Doctor Love through the ghetto, arriving at a garbage dump. Also with them is a man readers recognize as Josey, though Barry doesn’t know who he is. Moments after Josey leaves them, Johnson and Doctor Love ram their car into Barry’s.


Barry confronts Johnson on his activities with Doctor Love. Johnson insults Barry, calling him a bookkeeper who believes in desk work. In contrast, Johnson does whatever he is asked to do, whether he believes it or not. He insinuates that a third political party is emerging as an unwelcome unifying alternative to the left-right tensions in Jamaica’s current parliamentary system. When Johnson hints that an imminent operation will undermine this party, Barry becomes panicked and orders him to abort the mission. Johnson tells him it is already too late.

Part 2, Chapter 14 Summary: “Papa-Lo”

Papa-Lo hurries to Josey’s house, blaming himself for failing to act sooner. He has been preoccupied with trying to foster an alternative system that would guarantee peace across Kingston. He is tired of seeing life as a never-ending struggle between factions.


Before Papa-Lo reaches Josey’s house, he is shot at and surrounded by policemen and soldiers. Josey’s house is empty. The authorities incarcerate Papa-Lo.

Part 2, Chapter 15 Summary: “Alex Pierce”

Mark drives Alex to the Singer’s house. They are denied entry at the gate. Mark appeals to the security and is the only one allowed entry. He promises to come back for Alex.


While waiting, Alex starts to understand that the real story is about the people around the Singer, not the Singer himself. When a truck leaves the estate, Alex jumps out of the way, inadvertently rolling through the open gate. Alex considers staying but feels that Mark has played a prank on him. He leaves as a blue car enters the estate.

Part 2, Chapter 16 Summary: “Nina Burgess”

Nina returns to the Singer’s house in the wake of the intervention. She sees the Singer as her only means to acquiring a visa, which will allow her and her parents to escape Jamaica’s political turmoil.


Throughout her journey to the Singer’s house, she perceives herself being judged for her disheveled appearance. At the gate, she takes her chances and sneaks in after two white cars that enter the estate.

Part 2, Chapter 17 Summary: “Demus”

Demus does not sleep the whole day. The other hitmen experience cocaine withdrawal symptoms and become desperate to escape the locked shack. It is impossible to get out without Josey and Weeper, who finally return in the evening and slap Bam-Bam around to quell his panic.


Josey distributes the guns. Weeper gives them more cocaine before setting out for the ambush. Josey is the only one who doesn’t take any cocaine. As they leave, Josey reminds them that the Singer is working with the PNP and that by killing him, they will change the way things are. They trail a blue car into the Singer’s estate.

Part 2, Chapter 18 Summary: “Bam-Bam”

Bam-Bam narrates the ambush in verse. Josey reaches the Singer first, frustrating Bam-Bam. Josey shoots, though Bam-Bam registers that Josey didn’t aim for the Singer’s head, like they had been taught to do.


To make up for missing the Singer, Bam-Bam shoots the Singer’s wife in the head as soon as he sees her. The others fire at will around the house. The police arrive. On their way out, Bam-Bam is about to kill a woman who has just arrived, but Josey jumps forward to threaten her instead. The hit squad flees the house. Weeper, Josey, Demus, Heckle, and Bam-Bam drive away in the same car.

Part 2, Chapter 19 Summary: “Demus”

After Heckle throws his gun away during the escape, Weeper rebukes Heckle and sends him away. Weeper drives the remaining hitmen to the gully, where he runs off. Josey and Bam-Bam follow suit, leaving Demus behind. Demus realizes that he is in PNP territory, increasing his panic. He decides to return to Copenhagen City, worrying about retribution from Papa-Lo.


Demus enters a yard and finds himself in the company of someone he believes is another hitman. The other person urges him to leave, threatening Demus. Demus believes then he is talking to his partner. This causes the woman to call him out as a rapist to scare him away. Demus sees Josey, who shoots at him. Demus runs off and reaches downtown by morning. Newspapers reveal that the Singer and his wife have survived.

Part 2, Chapter 20 Summary: “Bam-Bam”

Bam-Bam overhears Weeper and Josey reuniting before they are picked up by another car.


Bam-Bam finds his way to the park, where the peace concert is being held. Bam-Bam becomes paranoid that the Singer will take revenge on him. He tries to escape the crowd, fearing that they will point him out to the Singer. Bam-Bam finds it difficult to leave the park, especially once the Singer comes onstage, when Bam-Bam believes that the Singer has locked eyes with him. The Singer reveals his wounds. Bam-Bam finally makes it out of the park when a Copenhagen City sniper named Tony Pavarotti knocks him out.

Part 2, Chapter 21 Summary: “Demus”

Demus spends the day running through the bush. While hiding in a gully, he is frustrated to think about how he has been used by everyone to get what they want, especially Josey. He wants to leave Kingston and reinvent himself. He runs past the wrecks of several vehicles, where he is apprehended by a group of Rastafarian men dressed in white.

Part 2, Chapter 22 Summary: “Bam-Bam”

Bam-Bam is gagged, bound, and buried alive by Josey, Weeper, and Tony.

Part 2, Chapter 23 Summary: “Sir Arthur George Jennings”

The ghost of Jennings declares that he will be present for everyone’s deaths. Demus, who is hanged by the Rastafarians, dies angry at Josey. He screams at the sight of Jennings. Demus begs the Singer for mercy, but Jennings points out that the living never listen to the dead.

Part 2 Analysis

Part 2 uses the ambush on the Singer to bring together the novel’s disparate narratorial threads. For a brief moment, everyone comes together to underline the apparent importance of the Singer for both gang politics and national politics. But as Alex realizes in Chapter 15, this makes the Singer even more of a static symbol; the story isn’t about him, but about everyone around him.


James develops the novel as a complex set of networks of power that intersect and draw on one another. Almost every male character’s motivation is at bottom a quest for more control over others. The typical back and forth is exemplified in Josey’s ambitions. Josey’s sphere of power is the Copenhagen City gang; his dream is to expand its reach and to make himself a viable player in the US drug trafficking industry. Abutting Josey’s activity is the network of CIA operations in Jamaica; its aims include destabilizing the Jamaican government to weaken the country’s leftist leaders and prevent them from allying with the Communist Bloc. However, as the confrontation between Johnson and Barry Diflorio reveals, the CIA is even more interested in undermining a potential unifying party from forming. In this section, Josey and the CIA collaborate, allowing these networks of power to intersect. Both are using each other to increase violence and chaos: Johnson to destabilize Jamaica and Josey to strengthen his connections to the Medellín cartel. These dynamics underline the ways those in power use Factionalism as a Catalyst for Social Violence.


Two characters who stand somewhat outside this system are ostensible figureheads who in reality have been cut out of their power positions: Papa-Lo, who is losing control of Copenhagen City but wants to create this unifying alternative that the CIA is wary of, and Barry Diflorio, the CIA station chief who realizes that his station is a front for covert destabilization activities he hasn’t authorized. Both undertake investigations that show The Illusion of Ambition and Legacy, as neither can reclaim their lapsed authority or reign in their rebellious underling. When Barry confronts Johnson, Johnson criticizes Barry’s disapproval of as a hypocritical attempt to wrest back power: If Barry believes in the mission, he should do whatever it takes to topple who opposes the cultural and economic hegemony of the United States, including the third party that is emerging in Jamaica. Papa-Lo doesn’t even get the chance to confront Josey, though readers can imagine Josey launching a similar argument, calling Papa-Lo a hypocrite for trying to broker peace when he spent his life ushering in unceasing violence—such as Josey’s near-death during the fall of Balaclava in 1966. 


In the hours before and after the ambush, Josey’s operatives realize that they too have been turned into disposable tools. Demus and Bam-Bam both realize how their motivations have been used against them. Although his voice helped to bring the reader into the world of the novel, Bam-Bam’s narrative ends with his motivations left unfulfilled. His desire to take revenge against Funnyboy for killing his parents is buried along with him. It becomes a footnote in the “brief” history that surrounds the Singer’s ambush.

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