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Content Warning: This section of the guide includes discussion of racism, gender discrimination, antigay bias, sexual violence and harassment, rape, substance use, addiction, graphic violence, sexual content, death, physical abuse, and emotional abuse.
A Jamaican woman in Montego Bay has adopted the name Kim Clarke (readers identify her as Nina). Kim, who is originally from Kingston, describes herself as a tense person. She tries to suppress her harsh thoughts, considering any attempt at reflection dangerous. She avoids the news because it disrupts her mood. The only thing she is interested in is starting a new life in the United States.
Kim has a white boyfriend from Arkansas named Chuck, who works for a company called Alcorp Bauxite. Kim met Chuck at a popular bar where expatriates pick up local women. Kim chose Chuck because he presented himself as a small-town, regular guy.
Although there also are plenty of things she dislikes about Chuck, Kim tries to build a relationship with him. She often says things to keep Chuck satisfied so that he will take her to the United States. Because of the rising political instability in Jamaica, Kim expects that they will leave in one month’s time. The PNP have maintained their government majority; the extension of their tenure has led to resentment from companies like Chuck’s. To tolerate him, each day Kim chooses to love thing about Chuck, like his hair.
Kim gets to the house she shares with Chuck and is pleased to know he isn’t there yet, so that she can clean up. Earlier that day, Kim used Chuck’s money and performed sexual favors to buy herself a forged visa for her fake passport. At home, she tries to wash off the evidence of her activities, but the shower doesn’t start.
To assure herself of her plan, Kim packs her suitcase. Chuck arrives, surprising her. Kim starts cooking dinner, deflecting Chuck’s attempts to tell her something serious about work. He explains that he is leaving Jamaica in a week. Kim acts as though she will leave with him, but Chuck stresses that he can’t bring her. He promises to let her stay in his house and send her money. He reminds her that he has always worn his wedding ring.
Kim angrily insists to be taken to another country, which Chuck cannot understand. During a brief scuffle, Chuck hits Kim, wounding her face. Kim takes the newspaper from Chuck, then hides in the bedroom. To distract herself, she reads the newspaper, where she sees an article about Nina’s sister, Kim-Marie Burgess, who is now a beauty queen. Kim struggles to process this information. Another article is about the Singer returning to Jamaica for another peace concert organized by Papa-Lo and Shotta Sherrif. Kim is shocked to see Josey Wales in the accompanying photo. Kim/Nina has always believed that Josey would find her and kill her for witnessing the ambush at the Singer’s house.
Kim lights the newspaper with the cigarette, then throws the burning paper on the bed. She escapes through the window.
The Diflorios are moving to Argentina, which Claire is happy about. Barry prepares to evacuate, though he sees Jamaica as a better assignment than conducting operations in countries like Iran and Yugoslavia. He feels the CIA has overestimated their ability to carry out so many simultaneous operations at once.
Nearly three years earlier, Louis Johnson was reassigned to Central America. He has kept in touch with Barry to have someone to talk to in English. Barry knows that their new location will not be as peaceful as Claire expects it to be, thanks to widespread cultural repression and public violence in Argentina.
Two days earlier, William Adler called Barry to chat. Barry revealed that Adler was unwittingly in contact with a KGB agent while hiding in the United Kingdom. When Adler denied the connection, Barry taunted his stupidity. This prompted Adler to offer some information about a massive leak in classified information—a file called the Horrors book, with an extensive record of the CIA’s illegal activities that could destroy the CIA’s reputation. Barry has little reaction, claiming that he wrote the Horrors book. Adler hung up and never called Barry again.
Following his release from prison, Papa-Lo understands that the ruling classes are using the gang war to perpetuate their power. Prompted by a military ambush on a JLP-aligned group called the Wang Gang at Green Bay, Papa-Lo and Shotta Sherrif enter peace talks. To prove his willingness to cooperate with Shotta Sherrif, Papa-Lo kills one of his own men, Treetop, who attacked an Eight Lanes gang member without authorization. The two gangs enact the peace treaty in early 1978. They both convince the Singer that it is safe to return to Jamaica for another peace concert.
Papa-Lo and Tony Pavarotti drive to the ruins of a seaside fortress. In the trunk of their car are two prisoners, both participants in the horse race scheme. Papa-Lo executes the prisoners on the beach.
Two days earlier, Papa-Lo ordered the capture of Leggo Beast, who was part of the Singer’s ambush squad. Papa-Lo tortured Leggo Beast’s mother to punish him, after which Leggo Beast admitted that Josey, backed by the CIA and Doctor Love, recruited him to kill the Singer. Papa-Lo was confused by the CIA’s motivations for killing the Singer. Josey claimed that he couldn’t possibly have been involved in the attempted assassination—if he had been there, he would have succeeded in killing the Singer.
From the beach fort ruins, Papa-Lo and Tony go to meet the Singer and his manager, as well as a jury of Papa-Lo’s allies. They put three more prisoners, including Leggo Beast, on trial. The Singer’s manager identifies the prisoners but notes that someone crucial is missing from the group. The manager testifies that two of their assailants were present at the peace concert, including one who had access to the stage. The prisoners insist that Josey and the CIA organized the plan.
One of the jury members, a woman who was present at the ambush, testifies to seeing Josey rebuke one of the prisoners, Heckle, after their escape from the Singer’s house. Another jury member, a messenger named Priest, assures the manager that the man who shot them (Josey) is dead. Though the manager insists that this is untrue, the Singer placates the manager. It becomes clear to Papa-Lo that both he and the Singer know that Josey was the shooter.
Leggo Beast claims to have never shot the Singer because he shot the wife. The court find the three prisoners guilty. Papa-Lo sentences them to death. The Singer and his manager leave as Papa-Lo executes Leggo Beast. Papa-Lo has a vision of a white man (the ghost of Jennings) witnessing the proceedings. The other two prisoners die by hanging.
Driving away from the trial, Papa-Lo and two gang members named Lloyd and Trevor are stopped by a police barricade. The police claim to be conducting a spot check but are suspiciously heavily armed. Locating a revolver underneath the passenger seat, the police immediately shoot Papa-Lo in the head; they plan to say that they killed him in self-defense. Papa-Lo, Trevor, and Lloyd are shot several times. After the police leave, Papa-Lo’s soul rises out of his body and glimpses past and future events, including the Singer’s death.
Alex Pierce becomes obsessed with the Singer’s ambush. He stays in Jamaica for eight months to write a book and meets Priest, who tries to arm Alex for his own safety. Alex interviews Shotta Sherrif. He observes that the Eight Lanes looks poorly sustained compared to Copenhagen City, despite the fact that the PNP still hold the majority in the government. Alex learns from Shotta how the peace process began. At the end of the interview, Shotta expresses his fervent hope for the peace treaty’s success.
Alex also learns about the Green Bay ambush and notes the discrepancies in the stories he collects from Wang Gang and military witnesses, suggesting that the ambush was a trap. While interviewing Papa-Lo, Alex also learns that a top Copenhagen City enforcer named Copper was killed by the police, which disillusioned Papa-Lo about the peace treaty. It is implied that someone tipped the police off to Copper’s whereabouts.
Josey’s men kidnap Alex; Josey tries to intimidate Alex and undermine the peace efforts. Alex is unfazed, observing Josey’s lack of faith in a lasting peace. Josey describes several precise details about the Singer’s ambush and wonders whether the Singer understood the symbolic meaning of getting shot near the heart. Alex observes that these details are known to only a few people, including the Singer, his manager, and the surgeon.
One night, Alex wakes up in his Kingston hotel room when he senses that a stranger is sitting on his bed. Alex tries to figure out how to get the man out of his room without getting himself killed. The man takes out a gun and is about to kill Alex when the phone rings, startling the assassin. In the ensuing struggle, Alex kills the assassin with a letter opener.
In the wake of the failed ambush, Josey and Tony attempt to finish off the Singer before he leaves Jamaica. At the last second, Josey decides that he doesn’t want to have to keep proving himself, so he spares the Singer.
Two years later, Nasser is displeased by the peace treaty and the Singer’s return to Jamaica. Josey feeds him information that the Singer is starting a Rasta political party to unite the two gangs. They intend to divide downtown Kingston and outgrow the need for the current political system. This turns Nasser furious because of the upcoming election in a year’s time.
Johnson is replaced by a new field agent named Clark. Josey indulges Clark’s condescension by acting stupid, so that he can convince the CIA that he is under their control. Clark provides Josey with more guns.
Papa-Lo pleads with Josey to cooperate with the peace treaty. Josey realizes that Papa-Lo is driven by the hope that he can rewrite his legacy to say he united the ghetto. Josey fundamentally disagrees with the idea that peace can be achieved in the ghetto because the gangs will always be fighting over limited resources. He knows that the ruling political parties also don’t want peace because peace will mean that the ghetto will start to rise out of poverty. Josey sees that Papa-Lo, Clark, and Nasser all want to use him to fulfill their respective agendas, but Josey is tired of being used.
Papa-Lo and Josey spot a photo of Heckle and the Singer in the newspaper. At some point, Heckle reconciled with the Singer and escaped with him to the United Kingdom. Papa-Lo is confounded by the Singer’s mercy. Josey gives up Leggo Beast to Papa-Lo, though Leggo Beast implicates Josey and the CIA in the ambush. It is also implied that Josey sent Copper to his death at the hands of the police.
Josey chats to his children while waiting for three phone calls in the night. In the first call, someone tells him that something is “finished” at the causeway. Josey stresses that the newspaper account should include that there were 56 bullets fired, matching the number of bullets fired at the Singer’s house. In the second call, Josey learns that peace council leader Tristan Phillips has disappeared, as Josey ordered. The third call is supposed to be from Tony Pavarotti, who is never late. However, instead, the Weeper calls from Miami. Josey sent him there to develop their link to the Medellín cartel. Josey asks to discuss their operation later, revealing that their activities in Miami are a stepping stone for larger operations in New York.
The Singer develops cancer from a toe injury. He nevertheless carries on with his career and refuses to amputate the toe because of his Rasta beliefs. Cosmetic surgery does little to relieve his foot pain. Eventually, the Singer collapses after losing control of his legs. He undergoes radium treatment, but this does not help. The Singer is baptized as a Christian. He is put on life support in Miami, where he dies.
The ghost of Jennings describes the violence that happens while the Singer is still alive. Copper is killed by a gunman. Papa-Lo is killed in a police ambush on the causeway by a hail of 56 bullets. Nasser pays the Wang Gang to attack two members of the Eight Lanes. Copenhagen City gunmen kill a PNP parliamentarian. The violence prompts Nasser to pressure the government into calling for an election. In 1980, the JLP wins the general election.
The first two parts of the novel concerned the buildup and event of the Singer’s ambush; the third part lays out the immediate and long-term consequences of the ambush.
One significant consequence is the elevation of the symbolic over the practical or mundane. All along, the Singer has been more symbol than character in the novel: Within the text, he represents the possibility that a new unifying political party could emerge and quell the sectarian violence; metafictionally, the Singer’s lack of narratorial power or perspective shows that his assassination is only a symptom of the larger power struggles ripping apart the country. Now, Josey too falls under the sway of the symbolic, even as his real plans for entering the US drug market and befriending the Medellín cartel advance. After masterminding and leading the ambush that fails to kill the Singer, an embarrassed Josey pivots to elevating the symbolic meanings of aspects of the attack by asking Alex to parse the metaphorical significance of shooting the Singer near the heart. Similarly, Josey’s penchant for symbolism influences his murder of Papa-Lo. After recruiting the police to carry out the execution—thus deflecting blame—Josey is nevertheless driven to leave a significant clue that links Papa-Lo’s death to the Singer’s ambush: exactly 56 bullets are fired at both events. With this symbol, Josey hopes to connect the Singer’s ambush to Papa-Lo’s role in the violence that shaped the ghetto, showing The Illusion of Ambition and Legacy by defining Papa-Lo’s legacy according to his actions, not his ambitions.
The newfound obsession with layers of meaning contradicts Josey’s self-characterization as a practical person who gets things done. However, this side of Josey is not diminished. Josey is convinced that the ruling classes of Jamaica, as represented by Peter Nasser, will always use Factionalism as a Catalyst for Social Violence, pitting the gangs against one another to maintain their power and preclude the possibility of peace. After his failure to kill the Singer, the practical Josey reassesses his priorities, covers his tracks, and consolidates enough power to move his criminal operations to the United States. Josey dreams big, telling Weeper that their activities in Miami are merely a stepping stone to the drug trafficking industry in New York—an ambitious plan that announces the direction of their narratives in the next two parts of the novel.
This part of the novel also features another major theme, Diaspora and the Promise of Escape. Josey’s desire to leave the perpetual chaos of Kingston mirrors Nina’s desperate attempts to flee the country. Their differing abilities to do so reflect their social positions and genders; the novel points out how limited women’s access to power is in 1980s Jamaica. To make his way to the US, Josey simply leans into his existing character traits, using his ambition and lack of allegiance to cultivate helpful networks of power. In contrast, to attempt her escape, Nina must completely transform her identity. As a young woman, she refused to learn about politics because it only deepened her despair about her circumstances. After the ambush, she can no longer willfully ignore the violent social conditions of life in the Kingston ghettos. Before, she defended her sexual liaison with the Singer as a moment of romance. Now, in the guise of Kim Clarke, she represses her disgust of her American boyfriend Chuck as he sexually exploits her, in the hope that he will take her back to the US with him. She is also willing to perform sex work in exchange for bureaucratic help, such as getting passport and visa documents. The implication is that sexual desirability is the only leverage women have in Jamaican society; Nina’s sister, who is apparently doing well as a model, is also only succeeding because of her looks.
Nina and Chuck’s relationship can also be read as an allegory, with Chuck standing in for corporate US interests and Nina for exploitable developing countries. Just as Chuck uses Nina, so Chuck’s company leverages the chaotic political situation to extract Jamaica’s natural resources for the benefit of the US economy. Chuck makes easily broken promises to compensate Kim, underscoring the transactional nature of their relationship. Similarly hollow are US promises to grow the local economy and bring political stability of developing countries where it deploys extractive industry.



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