33 pages • 1-hour read
Steven L. PeckA modern alternative to SparkNotes and CliffsNotes, SuperSummary offers high-quality Study Guides with detailed chapter summaries and analysis of major themes, characters, and more.
Content Warning: This section of the guide includes discussion of illness, death, sexual content, mental illness, and graphic violence.
Soren Johansson is the protagonist of A Short Stay in Hell, as well as its narrator. A devout Mormon who dies in middle age of cancer, he struggles to come to terms with the discovery that his long-held religious beliefs are incorrect. This Crisis of Belief in the Afterlife is a core internal conflict that drives the plot forward and begets other internal crises for Soren. Peck devotes extended passages to Soren’s conflicted internal dialogue, including when he first arrives in the library:
Questions plagued me. Was I supposed to pray? The demon said God was called Ahura Mazda. Was he kind and loving? What was his nature? Was it even a he, like the God I’d worshiped all my life as a Mormon? Could it be a Goddess? I had no way to know. How do you pray if you don’t know what God is like? Maybe God was a demon—that would explain much of the misery of earth life. Would prayer do any good? I could not tell (14-15).
Even centuries into his time in Hell, Soren is grappling with some of the same questions, never giving full credibility to the Zoroastrian reality he has been presented with. At one point, Rachel calls him the university’s “resident non-believer,” indicating that he voices this skepticism frequently enough to have gained a reputation for it within his social circle.
By the end of the story, Soren’s concern over these existential questions becomes secondary to his preoccupation with finding the book and escaping Hell. This change does not occur because he receives any answers, but rather because he decides that escaping is the only thing worth focusing on. The book’s final lines—“A strange hope remains. A hope that somehow, something, God, the demon, Ahura Mazda, someone, will see I’m trying. I’m really trying, and that will be enough” (102)— indicate that Soren is not fully committed to believing in any one deity. They do, however, evoke a kind of religious faith, suggesting that his experiences in Hell have in some ways distilled his devoutness to its purest form; stripped of any certainty about particular religious convictions, he still has a “strange hope” that some sort of redemption is possible. The novella frames this fragile hope as the essence of faith, as anything more solid in the face of a vast, chaotic universe would be hubris.
Although Soren has sexual relationships with several women over the course of the novella, Rachel is the only love interest with whom he shares a meaningful romantic connection, making her central to the novel’s exploration of Human Connection Within the Context of Eternity. The first sentence of the novella foreshadows the relationship: “Although I have loved many, there has been only one genuine love in my near-eternally stretched life—Rachel who fell to the bottom of the library without me” (1). Rachel is not mentioned again until Chapter 3, when she and Soren begin their romance, but this one line primes readers to recognize her importance when she does arrive.
By the end of the story, Soren is searching for Rachel just as much as he is searching for the book that will set him free. He recalls, “I knew finally that Rachel and I would never meet again, but I hoped for a hundred years I would happen upon her one day. I played it out over and over in my mind” (94). This desperate search for her indicates that if Soren were to find Rachel, he might not mind staying in the library for eternity, calling into question the nature of Hell itself. Soren’s description of his time with Rachel does not sound like an account of Hell at all, as he recalls, “A thousand years we traveled the halls of Hell together. I don’t remember fighting. She was magic. Nights were wondrous. Days full of laughter and long, slow conversations” (66-67). The carefree bliss that they experience in each other’s company is more in keeping with stereotypical descriptions of heaven, pointing to love’s association with the promise of redemption in the novella’s imaginative framework. Her lack of character development is central to this role since she never changes in a way that disrupts Soren’s idealization of her.
Biscuit is a secondary character whom Soren meets during his first week in the library. A formerly unhoused veteran of the Vietnam War who struggled with mental health during his lifetime, Biscuit embodies the novella’s central theme of Searching for Meaning in Randomness. When he discovers the phrase “sack it” in a book, he becomes consumed by the irrational conviction that the book has some deeper significance than its random assortment of characters. “Don’t you see?” he asks Soren, “This gives us the number of years we’ll search before finding what we seek. Sack signifies that the thing that has the most meaning to us here, the book with our life story, will be found in ten years” (38). These irrational conclusions make other characters uncomfortable, especially in light of Biscuit’s professed history of mental illness. Dolores’s pointed response, “My heavens, ten years. Here. We’ll all go batty” (38), reveals general anxiety about mental health in the trying environment of the library.
Behind Biscuit’s irrational desire to find meaning in the gibberish lies extreme emotional vulnerability. Upon discovering the “sack it” book, he begins sobbing and then confesses:
I had an old green army laundry bag that I carried everything in […] It was my most prized possession. I carried that sack for twenty-three years, until one day the bottom fell out. I couldn’t let it go even then. I hitchhiked to the Vietnam memorial and placed it on the monument right above a friend’s name (36).
His obsession with the “sack it” book stems from the traumas of his time without a home and his experiences in the Vietnam War, both of which are experiences that the others cannot fully relate to. Only Elliott, who tells the group that he was a soldier during World War II, can begin to empathize with Biscuit’s particular form of pain. In this way, Biscuit is an inaccessible character for Soren and, by extension, the reader.
Dire Dan is one of the novella’s only antagonistic characters, a cult leader whose violent doctrine wreaks havoc on Soren’s region of the library and ultimately forces Rachel and Soren to separate. Although Dire Dan’s reign of terror breaks at least two of the library’s rules—to “be kind” and to “avoid death as much as possible”(19)—he is never shown being punished for these transgressions by Hell’s higher powers. He is a static character who disappears from the narrative after he and Soren are separated in the abyss.
Although his appearance in A Short Stay is brief, what indirect characterization the novella does provide bears significantly on the work’s meaning. First, his self-appointment as a prophet of God reveals his egotism, as can be seen in his conversation with Soren: “Ignore me and you will suffer beyond anything you thought possible. I am God’s mace. I am his calipers, his judgment,” he announces, much to Soren’s disgust (75). Soren perceives this egotism as evidence that Dire Dan is “mad,” implying a parallel to Biscuit’s undefined mental illness. Whereas Biscuit is a harmless character, however, Dire Dan’s psychological state leads him to harm those around him, and Soren very clearly views him as a villain. “I had never been filled with such a sense of rage and vengeance,” Soren recalls, “He had taken Rachel. He had tortured my friends. He had destroyed our peace” (75). This characterization highlights how all the characters in the library can exercise their free will, even to commit evil actions. This feature of Peck’s Hell differs from many traditional depictions in which sinners are prevented from sinning more through never-ending torture. To the extent that the library exists to punish its inhabitants (and it is never entirely clear that it does), it does so by engaging them in the seemingly hopeless task of generating meaning from the library’s chaos, which causes some characters, like Biscuit and Dire Dan, to lose touch with reality entirely.



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