A Slumber Did My Spirit Seal

William Wordsworth

18 pages 36-minute read

William Wordsworth

A Slumber Did My Spirit Seal

Fiction | Poem | Adult | Published in 1800

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Literary Devices

Form and Meter

Content Warning: This section includes child death.


The form is discernibly organized. Wordsworth divides the poem into two four-line stanzas—quatrains. The simple configuration creates tension with the content of the poem. While the form is sharp, the poem’s narrative is nebulous. Neither the speaker nor the girl possesses defined identities, and though the girl dies, the speaker never overtly labels her death. Moreover, the girl loses her form once she becomes a part of nature. Conversely, the poem never strays from its structure. Aside from the two quatrains, Wordsworth provides a reliable rhyme scheme; in each stanza, the first and third lines rhyme, and the second and fourth lines rhyme. The speaker is in a trance-like state, and the girl experiences mutability. In contrast, the form is constant and stable. This steadiness creates a subtle irony: The most structured element of the poem is its vessel, not its subject.


The meter is sturdy, like the form. Wordsworth, in keeping with his goal to create accessible poems, uses a common meter—four pairs of unstressed-stressed syllables. In Line 1, don’t stress the “A,” stress “slum,” don’t stress “ber,” stress “did,” and so on. In the second and fourth lines of each stanza, Wordsworth excises a syllable, leaving each line with seven syllables. These catalectic lines—missing a final syllable—create a feeling of interruption or incompletion. The loss of the syllable represents the loss of the girl. At the same time, since the lines alternate between seven and eight syllables, the girl inevitably reappears, reinforcing the theme of The Transcendent Aspect of Death; death is a transformation, not a concrete end. The subtle rhythm of presence and absence mirrors the poem’s central paradox: The girl is gone, yet remains.

Allusion

Allusion is a literary device where the poet suggests something without explicitly explaining or naming it. In “A Slumber,” Wordsworth uses allusion to convey the death of the girl. The allusion to her death first occurs in Stanza 1 when the speaker states, “She seemed a thing that could not feel / The touch of earthly years” (Lines 3-4). As a “thing,” the girl comes across as an object, not a human. Since the “earthly years” can’t touch her, the speaker further removes the girl from the human experience, providing clues that the girl isn’t alive. 


The next stanza features stronger allusions. The speaker says, “No motion has she now, no force; / She neither hears nor sees” (Lines 5-6). Put bluntly, the speaker depicts a corpse. They see a dead person with no power to move, see, or hear. At the same time, the girl isn’t gone. She now exists in nature. Allusion allows the speaker to avoid using frank diction that would undercut the dreamlike state. More so, allusion produces ambiguity. The girl is dead, but the speaker doesn’t use the word, because the girl undergoes an ethereal transformation into an element of nature. This strategy preserves the speaker’s trance-like tone, allowing death to read not as rupture but as dissolution into a larger order.

Diction

Diction is a literary device where the poet crafts a tone or atmosphere through specific words. In the second edition’s “Observations Prefixed to Lyrical Ballads” (1802), Wordsworth addresses the language in his poems and what he and Coleridge aim to achieve. Wordsworth writes, 


The principal object, then, proposed in these Poems was to choose incidents and situations from common life, and to relate or describe them, throughout, as far as was possible in a selection of language really used by men, and, at the same time, to throw over them a certain coloring of imagination, whereby ordinary things should be presented to the mind in an unusual aspect.


The girl remains “common” because the speaker never names her. In keeping with his inclusive ethos, the girl could be anyone. Additionally, the speaker often embraces the plain “language really used by men.” Allusion doesn’t negate straightforward diction. The speaker plainly narrates their fearless state, the motionlessness of the girl, and the girl’s transformation into nature. The speaker’s plainspoken tone—“She neither hears nor sees”—carries emotional weight precisely because it resists dramatization. At the same time, typically poetic words—“a certain color of imagination”—remain through the ornamental declaration, “A slumber did my spirit seal” (Line 1). Wordsworth’s everyday diction leaves room for alliteration and language that align with poetry’s lofty tradition. This mingling of simplicity and elevation enacts the Romantic project itself: to find the sublime in the ordinary.

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