55 pages 1 hour read

Across Five Aprils

Fiction | Novel | Middle Grade | Published in 1964

A modern alternative to SparkNotes and CliffsNotes, SuperSummary offers high-quality Study Guides with detailed chapter summaries and analysis of major themes, characters, and more.

Chapters 4-6Chapter Summaries & Analyses

Chapter 4 Summary

After several losses, the tide of war starts to turn in the Union’s favor, thanks to General Ulysses S. Grant. “Unconditional Surrender Grant” is hailed as a hero by everyone, and many begin to optimistically expect that the war might be over by the end of the year.


Tom and Eb have left to join the Union army. John plans to enlist as soon as he has made arrangements for his family, and Shad intends to enlist after he has fulfilled his current teaching contract. The Creightons receive a letter from Tom, who was at the Battle of Fort Donelson, an important victory for the Union. Tom’s letter is not a cheerful one, however; he tells the family how several soldiers in his unit discarded their heavy blankets and coats to lighten their loads, and later when they ran into some cold weather, many of the boys froze to death. He ends his letter by telling Jethro that “bein a soljer aint so much” (50).


Ellen, upset by the letter, suggests that Jethro should go stay with Shad for the night. Jethro is excited because he’s not usually allowed to go on visits by himself. Before leaving, he talks to Jenny, who is frustrated because they all know Shad will be leaving soon, and her father still refuses to let her marry him.


When Jethro arrives, Shad happily invites him in from the cold. Jethro tells him about Tom’s letter, and Shad expresses skepticism that the war will end soon. This confuses Jethro, so Shad draws a map to demonstrate that while Donelson was a very important victory because it cut off some of the Confederacy’s supplies, the Union still has a long way to go before total victory is achieved.


Shad admits he’s also frustrated that Matthew won’t let him marry Jenny, remarking that he feels Matthew is being tyrannical. Jethro thinks about President Lincoln, who recently lost his son, and when Jethro calls him “Ol’ Abe,” Shad corrects him to “Mr. Lincoln,” which leaves a big impression on Jethro. Their conversation turns to the subject of Bill; though they both think Bill was wrong, they know he was “jest tryin’ to git at the truth” (60). Shad adds that it took more courage for Bill to do what he did than it does for him to fight for the North.


During supper, Shad says he plans to leave his books with Jethro so he can continue his studies with Jenny. Shad worries that Jenny might become interested in another suitor while he’s away, but Jethro insists that she’ll stay loyal. After supper, Shad pulls out a guitar and they sing a song with nonsensical lyrics called “Seven stars are in the sky” (63). Jethro mentions that some people think the song is related to witchcraft. Irritated, Shad complains that too many people blame things they don’t understand on witchcraft, and they’re willing to burn people at the stake for their beliefs. Eventually, Jethro goes to sleep with his head full of the day’s events.

Chapter 5 Summary

Ellen begins suffering from severe headaches after running out of coffee, so Matthew sends Jethro to Nancy’s house to borrow some. Jethro is still awkward around Nancy, but he observes that she is lonely and anxious without John. She asks Jethro to come and play with her two boys sometimes since they no longer have their father to play with.


The next morning, Matthew decides to let Jethro take the wagon into Newton by himself for supplies, a momentous responsibility for the 10-year-old. On his ride, he passes by the home of an old man named Jake Roscoe, who asks him for the latest news of the war. Roscoe then asks Jethro if Bill really chose to fight for the Confederacy, and Jethro gives him a vague answer. Changing the subject, he promises to bring Roscoe back a newspaper from Newton. Jethro also passes by the Burdows’ decrepit farm, which fills him with dread.


In Newton, Jethro’s shopping goes smoothly at first. He notices some men gathered in Sam Gardiner’s general store: among them is Ross Milton, the local newspaper editor who suffers from arthritis, and Travis Burdow’s father, Dave. Another man named Guy Wortman approaches Jethro, hounding him with questions and becoming confrontational about Bill. Wortman suggests that the Creightons are “Copperheads,” or Southern sympathizers. He comments to Dave Burdow that if an angry mob were gathered today, they’d be more likely to go after the Creightons than his son Travis; this remark causes Burdow to leave the store. Meanwhile, Ross Milton tells Wortman to leave Jethro alone. Wortman asks Jethro if his father taught him that Bill was a “skunk that deserves shootin’ fer goin’ aginst his country” (75). Jethro speaks up defiantly in Bill’s defense, which further enrages Wortman, and Sam Gardiner orders him to leave. Milton, seeing that Jethro has been rattled by this confrontation, invites the boy to have supper with him at a restaurant in town. During the meal, Milton offers Jethro a book to help Jethro learn how to speak more properly.


Jethro begins his journey home as night falls. As he passes the Burdow farm, he feels an even greater sense of dread than before, and soon sees a man with a horse waiting for him in the road—Dave Burdow. Burdow climbs into the seat of the wagon, declaring he’s going to ride with Jethro. Jethro is terrified, but Burdow assures him that he won’t hurt him; he suspects a trap is waiting for Jethro further down the road. As they are crossing a bridge, a shadowy figure leaps out and cracks a whip across the back of Jethro’s horses. The horses panic, and the attacker flees. Burdow is able to regain control of the horses, and a tragedy is narrowly avoided. Burdow and Jethro stop to deliver Roscoe’s newspaper, but Jethro is too dazed to talk. Once Burdow is sure Jethro will be safe, he leaves him. Jethro arrives home, and at first, he does not tell his family about the incident. Before going to bed, however, he confesses everything.

Chapter 6 Summary

The next day, Matthew and Ellen agree that Matthew should go thank Dave Burdow for saving Jethro. However, Matthew has a sudden heart attack and collapses. Although he survives, he is very weak, and Jethro observes that he is never quite the same afterward.


It’s planting season again, so with Matthew incapacitated, Jethro is forced to become the man of the house. He and Jenny take turns plowing the fields together, and their relationship grows stronger. Several neighbors also come by to help with the farm work.


A letter arrives from Shad, and it’s full of romantic sentiment toward Jenny. When reading it aloud to the family, Jenny omits several parts, which makes Jethro angry. He goes outside to sulk, and Nancy comes by and talks to him, telling him that it wouldn’t be right for Jenny to share Shad’s private words with everyone. Jethro is still bitter, though, and Jenny notices. That night, she apologizes and offers to let him read the letter, but Jethro finally admits that it’s her private business, and they return to being on friendly terms.


One night, a group of drunken rabble-rousers comes by the house, calling the Creightons “Copperheads,” and leaves them a threatening message. This makes the family paranoid, and for the next few weeks, they and the neighbors take turns keeping watch all night for a possible attack. Nothing happens, though, and after a while, the family begins to suspect that the threats were empty. One night, after they’ve let their guard down, they wake up to find that their barn is burning and their well water has been tainted with coal oil.

Chapters 4-6 Analysis

Each chapter in this section sees Jethro taking on more and more of an adult role. In Chapter 4, he pays a visit to Shad by himself and even spends the night, something he was not previously allowed to do. In Chapter 5, he is given the task of journeying to Newton by himself and buying the family’s supplies. And in Chapter 6, he is forced to take on the responsibilities of the farm after his father has a heart attack. Jethro meets these tasks with determination though he still needs assistance from others, such as Dave Burdow and Jenny. The Creightons, too, receive assistance from their neighbors both in completing the farm work and in defending the home from Wortman’s gang. These scenes highlight the importance of family and community support, in contrast to the bitter division happening in the nation as a whole.


Continuing the theme of The Division of Families and Communities in War, in these chapters, a rift forms within the community, emerging from Bill’s decision to join the Confederate army. Although most of the Creightons’ neighbors support them, certain people, like Guy Wortman, are more interested in stirring up hatred and violence. Ironically, the greatest threat to peace in the Creightons’ neighborhood is not Confederate soldiers but people who are technically on their side, further complicating the view of the war as a simple fight between good and evil.


Witch trials emerge in these chapters as symbols of unfounded hatred and fear. Wortman’s baseless accusations and subsequent attacks on the Creightons recall the hysteria of the witch trials. In Chapter 4, Shad expresses his anger at those who are “so sure of something they can’t prove that they’ll torture or kill anyone who is accused” (63). This comment not only foreshadows the “witch-hunts” of Wortman and others like him, but it ties into the theme of The Moral Complexities of Humanity. The novel suggests that though Bill is fighting on the wrong side, he is still morally superior to Wortman, whose blind belief in a black-and-white view of the world allows him to justify violence against others in his own community.


Dave Burdow is another character who complicates Jethro’s simplistic view of the world. In Jethro’s childish mind, the Burdows are almost inhuman monsters. Each time he drives past their property, he feels “as if some evil lay close to the ground on its belly and peered out at him” (72). But his fear of Burdow turns out to be unfounded, and in fact, Burdow saves him from an attack similar to the incident which killed Mary. In saving Jethro, Dave Burdow repays the Creightons for Mary’s death and earns some redemption for himself and his family. In confronting his false beliefs about the Burdows, Jethro gains a more nuanced view of humanity as a whole, taking another step on the road to adulthood and highlighting the theme of Resilience and Growth.

blurred text
blurred text
blurred text

Unlock all 55 pages of this Study Guide

Get in-depth, chapter-by-chapter summaries and analysis from our literary experts.

  • Grasp challenging concepts with clear, comprehensive explanations
  • Revisit key plot points and ideas without rereading the book
  • Share impressive insights in classes and book clubs