61 pages • 2-hour read
Ernest HemingwayA modern alternative to SparkNotes and CliffsNotes, SuperSummary offers high-quality Study Guides with detailed chapter summaries and analysis of major themes, characters, and more.
Content Warning: This section of the guide includes discussion of death, sexual content, illness, substance use, animal death, and cursing.
Colonel Cantwell and Renata walk through Venice, pausing in front of a jewelry shop. The colonel asks which of the pieces most attracts Renata’s attention, but she insists that she does not want “presents of hard stones” (81). Renata is from a very wealthy family; she knows that the colonel cannot afford to buy her anything very expensive, nor does she want him to. She compares the wearing of her inherited jewels to the colonel wearing his dress uniform, and she offers her valuable emeralds to him, hoping that he will keep them in his pockets and think of her. Reluctantly, he agrees to take the emeralds but insists that he will return them. Returning to the window, she points out a piece that she would like to wear as a pin. The colonel agrees to buy it for her later, and, as they walk away, she encourages him to touch the emeralds in his pockets with his hands. He agrees that the jewels feel “wonderful.”
The colonel and Renata enter the Gritti Palace Hotel and are greeted by the staff. The gran maestro arranges for them to dine privately in the bar. Their conversation covers humor and references to the colonel’s military service. Renata reassures the colonel about appearances and propriety in Venice as they decide to go up to his room before dinner, telling him that “everything is known in Venice anyway” (86). They take the elevator and arrive at the colonel’s room overlooking the Grand Canal, where they share a long and intense kiss. Renata speaks of marriage and children while the colonel plays along. Renata then reveals a personal disappointment, which the colonel receives with sympathy and restrained sorrow for his “poor Daughter.” Renata prepares herself for dinner by combing her hair, while the colonel washes and reflects on his aging, wounded, “ugly” face and his past as a soldier. Leaving the bathroom, he feels renewed and emotionally stripped of bitterness. He watches Renata as she finishes arranging her hair, admires her beauty, and reassures her of his love. Together, they resolve to go down to dinner as Renata wonders why her portrait has not yet arrived at the hotel. The colonel reiterates his love for Renata.
The colonel and Renata dine together in a secluded corner of the hotel bar. The gran maestro serves them an unusually large lobster. With humor and affection, they speak about truth and lying, with the colonel acknowledging the compromises made in his career and Renata reflecting on honesty and imagination in childhood. The colonel claims to have lied only four times in his life; if he had lied as other people lie, he claims, he would be “a three-star general” (92). They talk about the wine as the supposed writer watches them from across the dining room.
As the meal continues, they discuss memory and belonging, particularly the Dalmatian coast and the shared sense of possession created by naming it as theirs. Renata speaks of her desire for love, children, and a life beyond appearances while resisting the idea that they should marry immediately. The colonel expresses vulnerability and affection but accepts her boundaries. The gran maestro recommends a steak for Renata and scaloppine for the colonel. The meal prompts reminiscence about the colonel and the gran maestro’s youth during World War I, particularly fighting in the Grappa region.
The colonel reflects on military leadership and combat experience, explaining that most generals dislike those who have actually fought. He recounts fighting against Rommel as a young officer and describes his attitude toward enemies, emphasizing professionalism rather than hatred. He speaks about killing in war without remorse and about combat dreams, claiming to have killed “one hundred and twenty-two sures” (97), and possibly more people. Renata shares her own wartime loss, including her father’s death and the destruction of her family villa. They study the American writer dining nearby, whom the colonel dismisses as superficial. The conversation turns to contemporary military leaders and World War II. The colonel offers blunt assessments of figures such as Eisenhower, Montgomery, and Patton, contrasting political generals with competent field commanders. He recounts the liberation of Paris, describing it as an “emotional experience” but militarily limited, influenced by politics, delay, and restraint rather than decisive combat.
Later, the colonel explains the realities of command at the general level, including maps, logistics, and responsibility. He rejects the idea of writing about war, arguing that firsthand knowledge hinders people’s ability to write compelling stories. He discusses his heart condition with Renata, prompting concern, but he minimizes it. The portrait Renata has commissioned of herself is delivered to the table. The colonel is deeply moved, admiring its restraint but struggling with accepting such a gift. The portrait is taken to his room for safekeeping. Together, they agree to take a late-night ride in a gondola in spite of the cold weather.
The colonel and Renata leave the hotel by a side entrance and board a gondola as a strong wind blows across the lagoon. Renata directs the route because of the high tide and low bridges, choosing a course that avoids the wind. The gran maestro sends a bottle of wine and an old army blanket, which the colonel accepts with thanks after a brief exchange with the waiter.
As the gondola settles into motion, the colonel and Renata take shelter under the blanket and kiss intimately. They reiterate their love for one another. They pass from the Grand Canal into narrower canals where the wind lessens. The gondoliere navigates carefully under low bridges due to the high tide. The colonel notes landmarks and their changing position in the city. Their talk briefly turns to Paris, war, and historical figures. As Renata asks to hear more about the colonel’s past, he wonders “when the hell was [he] ever hurt” (123).
Pulling the blanket over them both, Renata urges the colonel to stay with her. They plan for the next day, with Renata also planning future trips to Rome to buy clothes. She begins to cry as the colonel consoles her. They disembark from the gondola and walk through the Piazzetta, and Renata notes that the Germans shot the square’s pigeons during the war. As they talk, the colonel describes himself as “always the last man to leave the party” (126). As they approach the end of the evening, they kiss. Renata enters her family home, leaving the colonel alone on the “worn pavement” in the wind. Rather than socialize at Harry’s, he decides to return to his hotel.
The colonel’s hotel room has been laid out exactly as he prefers. The portrait of Renata has been propped up on two chairs so that he can view it from the bed. Opening a fresh bottle of wine, he toasts his “Daughter.” Chastising himself for talking to a portrait, he wonders what he feels went wrong with the evening. He resolves to be “a good boy” when he sees Renata next (129). He repeats his love for her to the portrait and carefully stores the emeralds, determined to return them to Renata. He begins to read the New York Herald Tribune and debates whether to take his pills, eventually doing so.
The colonel wakes before dawn, alone in bed. Drinking “awfully dreggy” remnants of the wine, he returns to the newspaper and thinks of the day ahead. He imagines that Renata, in her youth, will sleep late. He thinks about how he has spent so long alone and without privacy in the military. As he shaves, he considers his reflection and his “unspeakably mutilated” body. He looks forward to the light of dawn so that he can better see the portrait of Renata.
Dawn arrives, and the colonel sees the portrait in the light. He thinks of the men who lost their lives under his command and recalls Shakespeare, wondering whether Renata ever read King Lear. He thinks about the countries that he has loved; all three were lost, and he helped two of them be retaken. He helped to liberate France and Italy; he is determined to one day liberate Spain from “General Fat Ass Franco” (134). He wishes that Renata were with him as he begins speaking with the portrait. The portrait does not answer his questions; he feels ashamed for talking roughly to the painting and resolves to be better disposed with Renata when they meet. He hopes that she will call him soon.
Each day, the colonel notices the hall porter slipping a newspaper beneath his door. He dislikes the hall porter, whom he once found searching his belongings, so he tries to snatch the paper from the man’s hand as it is slipped under the door. The colonel suspects that the hall porter is an “ex-Fascist,” though he admits that he cannot bring himself to hate fascists, either Italian or German. He explains to the portrait that he does not hate enemy soldiers. This is just one of many things that the portrait (and Renata) is too young to understand. Feeling hungry, he calls for breakfast and discusses mortality and the military with the waiter.
When the colonel arrives in Venice, he begins to drink wine. This begins an almost constant blur of alcohol consumption that carries through the novel: In hotel rooms, bars, and even the gondola, the colonel drinks wine. This motif illustrates the image of himself that the colonel would like to project, as well as hinting at a more fragile, rawer emotional reality that he is trying to hide. At dinner, he orders Capri Biano, asking for it to be “secco and really cold” (91). Ordering wine in this fashion, including the specification of “secco” (dry in Italian), shows the colonel’s attempts to appear refined. He presents himself as a man who understands not only wine but culture broadly, blending Italian words into his request (even though both his dining partner and the gran maestro speak English) as a way to announce his mastery of the norms surrounding wine-drinking. The response validates his efforts: The gran maestro praises his choice, and Renata accepts her older lover’s advice on food and alcohol. Rather than appearing to the world as a rough, uneducated military man, he wants everyone around him to see him as sophisticated and worthy of their respect. At the same time, the near-constant consumption of alcohol suggests that the colonel is attempting to numb his pain. He fears his approaching death and is self-medicating with wine and cocktails. In fact, the motif’s two functions are interrelated, linked by the novel’s exploration of Masculinity and Authority Under the Pressure of Physical Decline; in lieu of physical power, the colonel reaches for cultural authority to express masculinity. However, his actions reveal his quiet desperation that he may not be able to convince them of this version of himself in the limited time that he has left.
The colonel’s pattern of interactions with others reinforces this characterization. While the colonel is keen to engage with those people that he knows and likes, he is also surrounded by fellow diners and guests with whom he does not want to engage. The American writer is one such example; the colonel and the gran maestro gossip about the writer’s uneducated and uncultured behavior, quietly judging and mocking the man from afar. Similarly, the colonel and Renata pass their time in bars and restaurants by evaluating the other patrons but not engaging with them; they exist in their own private world. In particular, the colonel has no interest in his fellow tourists, as other Americans only remind him of his own nationality. He would rather think of himself as a local, which is why he prefers the company of a Venetian aristocrat. The colonel’s desire to distance himself from other Americans reveals the same insecurity about his own identity as his performative attempts to appear cultured do.
The more time the colonel spends in the Gritti, the more the novel interrogates the idea of the hotel as a liminal space—a place of transition in which characters exist between established identities, roles, or conditions, whether physically, symbolically, or both. The Gritti Hotel is one such space, as guests do not reside there permanently. Instead, they pass through, adopting or changing their identities in accordance with their surroundings. For example, the gruff, militaristic tone the colonel employed with Jackson gives way to a more refined and educated manner in his interactions with the hotel staff and Renata. He is no longer playing the military officer; the inherent impermanence implied by the hotel setting allows the colonel to transform himself into a romantic suitor, even if the transformation is as impermanent as his stay. Tellingly, the novel does not intrude into the more defined and fixed space of Renata’s family home, which is tied to the family history and thus to the history of Venice. As an outsider, the colonel is denied entry to this space. He lingers outside after courting Renata, a symbolic reminder that he will always be an outsider.



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