Across the River and into the Trees

Ernest Hemingway

61 pages 2-hour read

Ernest Hemingway

Across the River and into the Trees

Fiction | Novel | Adult | Published in 1950

A modern alternative to SparkNotes and CliffsNotes, SuperSummary offers high-quality Study Guides with detailed chapter summaries and analysis of major themes, characters, and more.

Chapters 28-36Chapter Summaries & Analyses

Content Warning: This section of the guide includes discussion of death, illness, and graphic violence.

Chapter 28 Summary

The colonel and Renata lie silently on his hotel room bed. The colonel feels Renata’s heartbeat. After he kisses her, she expresses a general sense of being “sorry.” He tells her to “never discuss casualties” (167). She asks him to tell her about the liberation of Paris, and, reluctantly, he agrees. He criticizes the leader of the Free French Army, Philippe Leclerc de Hauteclocque, as courageous but prideful. They talk about literature, including Dante, and what Renata will do when the colonel is away. All the men in Renata’s family fought in the war, she says. The colonel thinks privately of death and the way that it arrives unexpectedly for most people, “like love’s opposite number” (170). He agrees to tell Renata whatever she would like to know.

Chapter 29 Summary

Renata lies with her head on the colonel’s chest. At her request, the colonel recounts episodes from the war, beginning with the Normandy landings, the rapid capture of Cherbourg, and the subsequent advance. He describes the movement of troops, the abundance of captured money, and his own hesitation to loot anything, noting that he kept only a compass because it was “bad luck to steal, unnecessarily, in war” (171). He recalls his reliance on communications, the strain of constant coordination, and the pace of operations, often cutting out parts of the story that he worries will bore her.


He turns to a major breakthrough operation, describing delays caused by weather and the eventual deployment of heavy air power. He explains the bombing that preceded the advance, the precision marking of targets, and the overwhelming effect on German defenders. He also acknowledges the importance and power of air power, particularly when bombing errors caused casualties among his own forces. Throughout, Renata listens attentively and asks him to continue gently, concerned for his physical and emotional state. As the colonel grows fatigued, Renata urges him to rest and stop recounting painful memories. Their conversation shifts to broader reflections on leadership, politics, and mortality. The colonel dismisses any notion of political ambition and speaks instead about burial. He disparages US leadership, including President Harry S. Truman, whom he describes as an “unsuccessful haberdasher.” He does not want to be buried in a military graveyard such as Arlington Cemetery. They hold each other quietly, agreeing to rest together and think of nothing further.

Chapter 30 Summary

The colonel and Renata look out at the light on the Grand Canal. The colonel attempts to rest his mind but finds himself unable to avoid returning to memories of the war. At Renata’s request, he continues to recount his experiences, speaking carefully and with restraint. He reflects on earlier campaigns, on commanders he admired or wished he could have spoken with, and on the structure of military command. He explains his initial role as a replacement colonel and how promotions and removals functioned during large-scale operations, often happening at speed because of the demands of the mission.


The colonel describes taking command of a regiment and later losing it not through failure but through decisions from above. Often, he suggests, commanders were more concerned with getting their unit into The Stars and Stripes magazine than with operational success. He recounts how assaults were sometimes ordered for political or symbolic reasons rather than tactical necessity, leading to severe losses. He explains the disconnect between front-line realities and distant headquarters, criticizing decisions made far from the fighting. He describes a briefing attended by senior officers and war correspondents during which a major offensive was presented as simple and inevitable despite the brutal realities he later witnessed. Though he fears that he is boring Renata, she insists that he continue and that he be “as bitter as [he wants]” (185).

Chapter 31 Summary

The colonel speaks about rations in war. As he describes the movement of troops and the launching of air support, he stares up at the ceiling, “completely desperate at the remembrance of his loss of his battalions, and of individual people” (186). He inherited the regiment in the fast-paced turmoil of the war, but many of the men died; he tells Renata that he destroyed the regiment “under other people’s orders” (187). During his time in the military, he believes that he only had two good superior officers. He would love to still be a general. Renata encourages him to rest, and he agrees to sleep, still thinking about the soldier’s need to obey.

Chapter 32 Summary

Renata tells the colonel that he slept well. She wants to rest with him, holding his bad hand while he tells her about “combat without being too brutal” (188). The colonel skips ahead in his recollections, recalling an easy assignment. As he talks, Renata tells the colonel that he sounds “like Dante.”

Chapter 33 Summary

Since Renata is sleepy, the colonel promises to skip the details of his story. Looking from the ceiling to Renata, he thinks about Renata’s ancestry and her bloodline. She knows the name of all her aristocratic ancestors, he thinks, while many American women barely know their own grandfather’s name.


Renata is asleep, but the colonel decides to continue with the story, thinking the words to himself rather than saying them aloud. He remembers receiving orders to attack from General Walter Bedell Smith. His troops attacked at dawn alongside the Big Red One, a famous army division, and the Ninth, a division the colonel is willing to concede was better than his own. They attacked “exactly where the Germans wished [them] to attack” (191). The colonel does not want to dwell too long on the general’s responsibility for this failing. The plans were bad and seemingly guaranteed that many Americans would be captured or killed; the towns that the commanders expected to capture easily were more like fortresses, set up as traps. Renata wakes, sympathizing with the plight of the regiment. The colonel encourages her to return to sleep. Wondering whether he should be bitter, the colonel admiringly watches Renata as she sleeps.

Chapter 34 Summary

The colonel wants Renata to “sleep softly.” Later, he hopes, he will purchase the jewel from the store for her. He imagines her wearing it as a brooch while they visit Harry’s. He also imagines saying goodbye to her and, as he drives away with Jackson, noting that they “will not ever see one another again” (195). He feels as he did before battles. Renata is sleeping so well, he observes, that “even his thoughts would not hurt her” (196). He looks from Renata to the portrait and decides that he is a lucky man and should stop lingering on his regrets.

Chapter 35 Summary

The colonel remembers the battle in which he lost many of his men. On the first day, three battalion commanders died, and they could not easily be replaced. The weather was bad, and the roads were mined, so people and vehicles were constantly being lost. The Germans rained heavy artillery down on the advancing Americans so that staying alive was very difficult. At one place, a dead American soldier was in the road and vehicles were running over him, mangling his body and making “a bad impression on the troops” (198). The colonel ordered the body to be taken off the road. He remembers the strangeness of the mangled body, as well as many other violent incidents. The American use of white phosphorus burned the skin of the German soldiers; cats and dogs ate the dead. In the cold, many of the dead bodies froze. The colonel looks ahead to his evening with Renata, considering her portrait and his future.

Chapter 36 Summary

Later, outside the jewelry store, the colonel tells Renata to choose which item to buy. She selects a piece but insists that she should deal with the shopkeeper, as he might try to charge a higher price to the American colonel. Since the final price is more than the colonel has with him, he tells the shopkeeper to send it to Harry’s, where an employee, Cipriani, will pay for it and the colonel will reimburse him later. After the exchange, the colonel reminds Renata that he has her emeralds. She insists that he should keep them but understands when he says that he cannot. In a blind alley, they kiss. Renata does not care if anyone sees them. They agree to go to Harry’s and, as a game, they “play historical personages” (202).

Chapters 28-36 Analysis

For a long stretch of the novel, the colonel and Renata lie on the bed in his hotel room, their physical stillness juxtaposed against the kinetic narrative. The contrast between the quiet present and the violent past they are discussing mirrors the tension in the conversation, which Renata introduces by repeatedly asking her lover to tell her about his experiences in World War II. Renata’s characterization, like the colonel’s, reflects The Impact of War on Identity; not only was her country defeated by the Allied forces, but her father was killed, and her family home was burned. In the limited time that she has with the colonel, she therefore feels an urgent need to know more, and not only about what happened in Italy: She wants to know about war more generally, seeking to understand the psychology of destruction. However, while the war has shaped both of them, it has done so in ways that create a disconnect in this moment. The colonel is hesitant to share everything with her; he delves into his past but shields the more violent aspects of his experiences from Renata. In doing so, he carefully cultivates her impression of him, fearful of losing her love in the limited time that he has left. Thus, what he chooses to leave out says more about his character than what he chooses to reveal, both in the sense that he glosses over some of his most formative experiences and that his omissions reveal his desire to protect both her (from war’s brutality) and himself (from heartbreak).


Amid the general contrast between the present-day action and the colonel’s recollections, the colonel’s unflinching criticism of his superiors stands out, contributing to the chapters’ dissonant atmosphere. In this intimate moment with a young woman in his arms, he excoriates the commanders who forced him to send his men to certain death. The “unsuccessful haberdasher,” for example, is his scathing denunciation of President Harry Truman. The president embodies the colonel’s attitude toward the high command, whom he views as disconnected and ill-informed about the realities of war. That he nevertheless did as he was ordered is a key conflict for the colonel’s character and a cause for much of his regret.


The colonel’s recollection of the past not only impinges on his desire for a romantic experience with Renata but also forces him to confront his own mortality. The memories that he has buried are filled with images of corpses. As the visceral displeasure of the past is dragged uncomfortably into the present, the colonel begins to see himself as among the war dead—someone who lived on for a few years, but whose life is now being claimed by the war from which he could never truly escape. The narrative shift in Chapter 35 illustrates the extent to which he is preoccupied with this fear. By this time, Renata has fallen asleep and is no longer pressing him for answers, yet instead of seeking to set his memories aside, he sees the story through to its end. Simultaneously, the narrative switches into a first-person account of his past, dragging his memories into the center of the narrative without the filter of any third-person narrator. The implication is that the memories are returning to him in an unstoppable flurry of trauma. As the chapter ends and the next begins with an image of the colonel and Renata shopping for jewelry, the story suggests that the colonel can neither forget the violence of the memories nor return to what once was.

blurred text
blurred text
blurred text

Unlock all 61 pages of this Study Guide

Get in-depth, chapter-by-chapter summaries and analysis from our literary experts.

  • Grasp challenging concepts with clear, comprehensive explanations
  • Revisit key plot points and ideas without rereading the book
  • Share impressive insights in classes and book clubs