56 pages 1-hour read

Apple: Skin to the Core

Nonfiction | Memoir in Verse | YA | Published in 2020

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Part 2, Poems 25-44Chapter Summaries & Analyses

Part 2: “The Red Album”

Part 2, Poems 25-29 Summary

This section summarizes “Wyatt Wingfoot Gives Us Some Four-Color Comic Hope,” “Hunger Test 2.,” My Brother Quietly Tries to Wake Us Up,” “Proving Ground or Baptism of Fire,” and “I Lose a Ribbon Shirt to Bloodlines.”


“Wyatt Wingfoot Gives Us Some Four-Color Comic Hope” introduces Wyatt, a character in a Fantastic Four comic. A member of the fictional Keewazi tribe, Wyatt doesn’t have a superpower, but his tribe is rich, having discovered oil on its land. Gansworth wonders whether his superpower is survival.


“Hunger Test 2.” describes a night that Gansworth slept over at a house that had an abundance of food. In the morning, he was unsure whether he should take part in the elaborate breakfast. Although food was abundant, his mother had always told him not to eat more than necessary.


In “My Brother Quietly Tries to Wake Us Up, it’s 1971. Gansworth recalls how his older brother tried to get his family to engage with more popular Indigenous culture. He changed his musical tastes and subscribed to an Indigenous newspaper. Despite his efforts, media depictions of Indigenous people were often “frozen in the past” (100).


“Proving Ground or Baptism of Fire” describes the elementary school located on the reservation. Many teachers either left after a few years or stuck around to bully their students. However, few Indigenous teachers were invested in helping their students succeed.


In “I Lose a Ribbon Shirt to Bloodlines, Gansworth describes feelings of alienation as an Onondaga among the Tuscarora. As enrolled Onondaga members, Gansworth’s family received payments for the lease of their land to salt mines; these payments were just $45 per year and were split among the whole family. Gansworth was asked to bring a traditional ribbon shirt to school for a dance lesson. His family had no traditional clothes, and the school didn’t have enough extras for him to borrow. During the dance class, he felt like an outsider.

Part 2, Poems 30-34 Summary

This section summarizes “Jaboozie Turns Me On to Deep Cuts,” “Mr. Dressup,” “Metamorphoses,” “Lucky,” and “The Boy Who Fell to the Rez.”


In “Jaboozie Turns Me On to Deep Cuts, Gansworth depicts how Jaboozie introduced him to The Beatles’ The White Album after a Fourth of July celebration. The album was different from all the other Beatles albums Gansworth had ever heard, and he loved it.


During school holidays, Gansworth watched a lot of daytime TV, like “Mr. Dressup, a low-budget Canadian show. Whenever costume opportunities came up, like Christmas pageants or Halloween parades, Gansworth was enthusiastic. His mother helped him make costumes, though the school sometimes criticized her work and forced Gansworth to perform without a costume.


In “Metamorphoses, Gansworth contemplates Gregor Samsa from Kafka’s famous novella. Like Samsa, Gansworth sometimes felt out of place or inconvenient. He visited his brother-in-law’s reservation in Canada. They camped by a lake, and Gansworth took care of his nieces and nephews. His brother-in-law’s mother struggled to keep track of her grandchildren, thinking Gansworth was one of them.


During Easter break when Gansworth was 11, he started working on a grape farm. His mother told him that he was “Lucky” that the farmer was willing to hire him, even though the labor was very hard and the pay was very low. He was also lucky to be paid by the hour instead of by his output. He made $120 in two weeks. While he worked, he listened to the Beatles on the radio and felt lucky to know that The Beatles all came from working-class backgrounds yet still succeeded. This gave Gansworth hope that he wouldn’t be tying grapes his whole life.


In “The Boy Who Fell to the Rez, Gansworth describes how he accidentally got a haircut that resembled David Bowie. He became interested in Bowie’s music and was intrigued by Bowie’s claim that “our public faces are just another mask, another disguise / we maintain so others don’t really see us” (123). He too felt like he was hiding his true self behind a mask. When he learned the plot of The Man Who Fell to Earth, it resonated with him, and he felt like it was the story he’d “been waiting [his] whole life for someone to tell [him]” (125).

Part 2, Poems 35-39 Summary

This section summarizes “From Iron Man to Skywalker: 3. Public Assistance,” “Wyatt Wingfoot Ends Up Singing That Same Old Song,” “Stupid Things I Buy the Summer I Am 13,” “I Leave Formal Training Before This Opportunity Begins,” and “Hampton’s Shadow Crosses Over Us Again.”


In “From Iron Man to Skywalker: 3. Public Assistance,Gansworth recalls being 11 and how he had to wear glasses. They were ugly, but they his mother’s Public Assistance insurance paid for them. He and his mother went to a bar to find his father. Gansworth went inside to ask him for $20 so that they could get through the week. His father gave him the money and told him not to spend it on books, since they were clearly already ruining his eyes.


“Wyatt Wingfoot Ends Up Singing That Same Old Song” narrates Gansworth’s disappointment with the very stereotypical depiction of Wyatt and other Indigenous people in the Fantastic Four comics. The Indigenous characters weren’t superheroes but hapless victims who needed to be rescued.


In “Stupid Things I Buy the Summer I Am 13, Gansworth recalls his summer job. He made $224 every two weeks, which seemed like a lot. Half went toward bills, and he spent the other half. He bought secondhand clothes, Star Wars trading cards, and (one day) a huge amount of food from McDonald’s, wanting to know what it was like “to leave a restaurant, completely full and satisfied” (132). The next day, he was hungry again.


In “I Leave Formal Training Before This Opportunity Begins,Gansworth depicts how his life changed dramatically when he started middle school off the reservation. He no longer learned Tuscarora. While he never learned much of the language, his nieces and nephews were becoming much more fluent. Gansworth wished his grandfather could see the change in younger generations.


Before colonization, many Indigenous communities were more matriarchal. In “Hampton’s Shadow Crosses over Us Again, Gansworth traces the rise of patriarchal ideas among residential school students. When his mother was a teen, she spent summers as a live-in housekeeper for white families, and her father took all her pay. Gansworth felt that he should be grateful that she let him keep half of what he earned. His grandfather forced his children to reenact the same colonial programs he had to take part in during his schooling: Students were forced to work for white families during the summers.

Part 2, Poems 40-44 Summary

This section summarizes “From Iron Man to Skywalker: 4. Devourer of Worlds,” “Disguise,” “Masks Unmasked,” and “In Spencer’s, I Become Someone Else for Under Ten Dollars.”


In “From Iron Man to Skywalker: 4. Devourer of Worlds,Gansworth depicts being 13, when his peers teased him for still reading comic books. His aunt and uncle, who had moved to Las Vegas, came to visit, and so did his father. Gansworth showed his father one of his comics, in which Mister Fantastic and the Invisible Girl learned that they were going to have a baby. Their excitement about the baby is the opposite reaction Gansworth is used to on the reservation, where babies are often an unexpected inconvenience. His father tells him to put the comic away before anybody sees him with it.


Often, Gansworth felt like he had to “Disguise” himself. He found it ironic that his nickname was Batman, whose alter-ego was a millionaire, when Gansworth grew up in poverty.


In “Masks Unmasked, Gansworth explores how ethnographers have misunderstood Haudenosaunee communities. Some museums display False Faces (ceremonial masks) without understanding that the masks housed living spirits and should be treated with respect. Many Indigenous people have protested the display of False Faces, even ripping photographs of the masks out of books. Although Gansworth loves drawing, he’d never draw a False Face because doing so would bring it to life.


“In Spencer’s, I Become Someone Else for Under Ten Dollars” depicts Gansworth as he got a fake ID. A girl from his community helped him create the ID with her typewriter. She gave both of them fake last names and addresses that matched so that they seemed like siblings.


In “From Iron Man to Skywalker: 5. Amputation Scars,Gansworth recalls a time when he was 15 and was at his uncle’s house. He often helped his uncle, who had an amputated leg, with chores. Gansworth’s father arrived and asked to see his artwork. Gansworth obliged, despite his mother’s warnings; his father told him to “quit drawing ‘jack-off pictures,’ and maybe capture / Indians instead” (155).

Part 2, Poems 25-44 Analysis

This section depicts Gansworth becoming a teen, thematically foregrounding his Coming of Age journey. His overwhelming feeling as he got older was alienation. He was perpetually an outsider because he was an Onondaga among Tuscarora. No matter how many people in his family married Tuscarora people or spoke Tuscarora, Gansworth and his siblings would always be Onondaga through their mother. He was alienated in other ways too: His parents refused to let him participate in Indigenous traditions, while most of the other kids in his elementary school encountered no such prohibition. He was one of very few kids in his class who didn’t own traditional clothes. The motif of masks comes up several times in this section, as Gansworth often felt as though he must hide who he was. Again, this section makes no direct reference to his sexuality, though his strong identification with David Bowie is one of several subtle hints.


Being older, Gansworth sometimes had to take care of his younger nieces and nephews. In his family and community, big families and few resources meant that children often had to take on a parental role. Despite his increasing age, Gansworth remained as enamored of comic books as he ever was. People around him considered his interests childish, which was another aspect of his life that made him feel more isolated. His relationship with his father was very strained. Like many things in his life, Gansworth understood his father through the lens of superheroes and pop culture, which is why each chapter that features him is titled “From Iron Man to Skywalker.” Instead of thinking of his father as a regular iron worker, he imagined him as the hero Iron Man, taking part in brave adventures that kept him away from home.


The motif of masks is also present in the brief description of False Faces. In Haudenosaunee culture, these carved wooden masks are worn by members of the False Face Society, a medicinal society with an important role in traditional healing practices. The masks are the living embodiments of spirits, and they play a protective role. Members of the False Face Society typically perform rituals twice a year to protect the community and reinforce the strength of the spirits in the masks. The Grand Council of the Haudenosaunee Confederacy has condemned any sale, display, or even photographic reproduction of the masks because of their sacred value. The repatriation of False Faces is a major issue in contemporary Haudenosaunee culture. This issue links to a much broader issue of the repatriation of Indigenous artifacts across North America.


The Impact of Colonialism continues to be a theme in this section, as colonialism practices clearly continued to impact Gansworth’s life. Although he and Jaboozie attended a Fourth of July celebration, they were aware that the celebration in its current form worked to reinforce the myth that culture and society began in North America when Europeans arrived. Because colonialism trapped Gansworth’s family in a cycle of poverty, Gansworth started working when he was 11 instead of enjoying his time away from school. When his mother was young, her father either consciously or unconsciously replicated the systems of labor exploitation that were common in residential schools. This was one of the many manifestations of intergenerational trauma in Gansworth’s family. Gansworth even felt the challenges of poverty and colonial trauma in what should be happy events like the births of new babies. Instead of being able to welcome new babies into the community, families were more likely to worry about how to stretch their already thin resources to care for another person.


Reclamation of Identity continues to emerge as a theme. With each generation, reclaiming Indigenous identity got slightly easier. Gansworth’s mother inherited her parents’ distrust of tradition, but Gansworth’s brother tried to incorporate more Indigenous media into his life. Gansworth hoped that Wyatt Wingfoot would help him see himself in media, but representations of Indigenous people were very poor. Things were gradually getting better, however: Gansworth’s younger nieces and nephews received better education in Tuscarora than he did, suggesting an increase in cultural understanding and sharing among Indigenous people. Residential schools perpetrated numerous forms of violence on Indigenous communities, but as time passed, people began proving their resilience.

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