70 pages 2-hour read

Toni Morrison

Beloved

Fiction | Novel | Adult | Published in 1987

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Character Analysis

Sethe

Sethe is the protagonist of the novel. Her traumatic past comes back to haunt her at house 124. She grows up as an enslaved woman, separated from a mother who “threw away” all her children but Sethe, because Sethe was the only one fathered by a Black man in an act of consensual sex. Her mother gives Sethe her birth father’s male name, but this story is relayed to her by another enslaved woman, as her mother is killed before she has the chance to explain. Years later, Sethe repeats her mother’s tragic actions against her own children. After running away from Sweet Home where she was enslaved, Sethe lives in hiding at her mother-in-law Grandma Baby Suggs’s house with her four children. When her former master finds her, she tries to kill her children and herself, succeeding in killing only her oldest daughter. While the horror of her actions prevents her from being brought back into slavery, it also results in her ostracization from the rest of the Black community, the eventual death of Grandma Baby Suggs, the departure of her two sons, and the haunting of 124 by her dead daughter’s spirit.


Throughout the hardships of Sethe’s life, she exhibits resilience and immense strength. After surviving her rape at the hands of the nephew of her former slave master, the schoolteacher, she runs away while pregnant with her youngest daughter, Denver, and without her husband, Halle. Despite being close to death, she survives with the help of a kind white woman, Amy, who helps her give birth. After Amy’s assistance, Sethe completes her journey on her own, arriving safely at Grandma Baby Suggs’s door with her newborn infant. The townspeople interpret Sethe’s resilience and strength as pride, and these attitudes may have been a factor in their failure to alert Sethe that slave catchers were in town. When Sethe is arrested after attempting to kill all her children and herself, the townspeople judge her as much for her actions as they do for her “outrageous claims, her self-sufficiency” (202). Hurt from the townspeople’s betrayal, Sethe never seeks anybody’s help after the incident in the shed. As a result, she becomes more independent and isolated.


Since Sethe has overcome so many difficult life circumstances, she does not flinch when it comes to potentially fearful or violent events. When the ghost of 124 throttles Here Boy, so severely that several of his joints and limbs are out of place, Sethe swiftly sets his bones. To Denver, Sethe is the “one who never look[s] away” (14) from any horrific circumstance; rather, she looks directly at it without fear. Since Sethe is hardened from her experiences, this attitude carries through until the novel’s end when she impulsively attacks Mr. Bodwin, believing him to be the schoolteacher. Refusing to be taken back to captivity, she responds instantly despite her error in recognition.

Beloved

After Paul D chases away the spirit of Sethe’s dead daughter from 124, the spirit takes the corporeal form of Beloved, a beautiful and mysterious “sleepy beauty” (63) dressed in fine clothes who appears at the house one day. Beloved’s appearance inspires varied reactions from those around her—Paul D’s curiosity, Sethe’s instinctual warmth, and Denver’s nervousness. She gradually becomes a part of the household, accepted openly by Sethe and Denver but arousing suspicion in Paul D. Over time, she demonstrates increasingly alarming behavior that betrays her identity as Sethe’s dead daughter and her capacity to do harm to those around her. She seduces Paul D in an attempt to drive him away from Sethe, cruelly reminding him of his sexually repressed past and unstable present. Additionally, she taunts and dismisses Denver, repeatedly reminding her doting sister that she did not enter into the world of the living for her. She makes it clear that she is only interested in possessing Sethe, proclaiming, “She is the one. She is the one I need. You can go but she is the one I have to have” (89).


Beloved unsettles those around her with visions of a past she could not possibly know about. The level of intimacy in her revelations grows increasingly sentimental until she finally hums a song that Sethe would sing to her dead daughter. By informing Sethe of her identity in such a way, Beloved emotionally manipulates her mother’s sense of latent guilt. Beloved’s hold on Sethe is so strong that she can coax her mother into abandoning all her responsibilities to tend to Beloved’s every need. She delights in Sethe’s dependency on her approval, escalating her demands at every turn. When the townspeople gather to exorcize her from 124, Beloved appears to them as a “pregnant woman, naked and smiling” (308). She has taken on the form of someone disarming, despite possessing supernatural abilities to manipulate the actions of people around her.


Beloved acquires her name from the lone word printed on her pink tombstone. Since the engraver only agreed to a short engraving, despite coercing Sethe into sex as payment, Sethe asked for “the one word that mattered” (5) from the phrase “dearly beloved,” part of the preacher’s sermon during her daughter’s funeral. When Beloved introduces herself, Sethe is “deeply touched by her sweet name” (63) and feels immediate affection toward her. Unlike Denver, whose name has a more original and specific origin, Beloved’s name is as ephemeral as her haunted presence. Her name gestures to the liminal space between life and death that she occupies. 

Denver

As Sethe’s youngest and only surviving daughter, Denver has spent much of her life burdened by the knowledge of her mother’s violence. As the only one of Sethe’s living children to reside at 124, Denver grows up sullen and isolated. Given Sethe’s ostracization from the rest of the Black community, Denver does not have the opportunity to socialize beyond her immediate household. After her brothers’ departure from the house and the passing of Grandma Baby Suggs, Denver knows only the company of her mother and her dead sister’s spirit. As a result, she is resistant to strangers such as Paul D, whom she initially views as a threat to her place in the house. When Paul D visits, she is overwhelmed by his presence, protesting, “I can’t live here. I don’t know where to go or what to do, but I can’t live here” (17). As her mother is so preoccupied with her repressed grief, Denver realizes that the addition of Paul D in their lives will mean that she will become less of a priority in the house. She believes she will cease to matter.


While her isolated upbringing has hampered her emotional maturity, she experiences immense growth over the course of the novel. By devoting so much of her time to protecting Beloved’s identity, Denver learns to care for someone other than herself. She also demonstrates tact and intelligence in the way she guards Beloved from Paul D’s suspicion. When Paul D attempts to enlist Denver’s help in corroborating a detail about Beloved’s curious behavior, Denver’s eyes become “deceptive, even when she [holds] a steady gaze” (67). She lies to prevent Paul D from exposing Beloved’s true form and to keep her mother from inflicting the same violence she did years ago when she murdered her sister. In each of her actions, Denver is motivated by love, loyalty, and a deep desire to be needed.


By the end of the novel, Denver achieves a more empathetic perspective on her mother’s traumatic past. She realizes that Beloved is not a benign spirit but a dangerous supernatural creature who is killing Sethe slowly. When Sethe is fired from her job after devoting her time and energy exclusively to Beloved, Denver leaves the house by herself for the first time to seek employment to care for her mother. Without any skills or prior training, she manages to gradually endear herself to the townspeople, eventually acquiring a job as the Bodwins’ nighttime caretaker. She even alerts the townspeople to her mother’s struggle, which leads them to intervene and help get rid of Sethe’s possession. Her growth is so notable by the novel’s end that Stamp Paid remarks with admiration, “I’m proud of her. She turning out fine” (313).

Paul D

Paul D began his enslavement alongside four other men and Sethe at Sweet Home under the ownership of the Garners. When Mr. Garner passes away, leaving the schoolteacher in charge, Paul D is sold to another slaveowner named Brandywine. When Paul D attacks Brandywine, he is sent to a prison farm in Alfred, Georgia, where the white guards sexually and physically abuse him. He is fortunately able to escape with the other inmates during a flood. In the years following, he serves both the Union and Confederate sides of the Civil War, as he does not have many other employment options available to him as a former slave. After the war ends, he wanders on his own and takes employment wherever it is available.


After slavery is abolished, he encounters Sethe again in Ohio. He is reminded that during his time at Sweet Home, he and the other men coveted Sethe as a potential mate when she first arrived. Like the other Sweet Home men, his masculine desires were repressed under his enslavement, so he mitigated his feelings by “fucking cows, dreaming of rape, thrashing on pallets” (13). Despite this frustration, the Sweet Home men let Sethe choose her mate from among them. Although Sethe chose to be with Halle at the time, Paul D and Sethe begin a relationship when they reunite years later. However, the trauma of Paul D’s enslavement still haunts him. Particularly haunting are memories of being forced to wear an “iron bit” in his mouth, as the rooster Mister, which he helped hatch, looks on, the animal enjoying his own freedom. As his trauma is largely associated with his emasculation as a Black man, he struggles to express his desires in truly vulnerable ways, leading to his inability to form long-lasting, committed relationships with others. After consummating his relationship with Sethe, Paul D remains “guarded and stirred up” (30) by Sethe’s eyes, suddenly disturbed by the scars on her back. Although he seeks her permission to stay at the house and tries to create a family with her, his fear of his past, which manifests in his relationship with Sethe, intervenes. He leaves her after learning that she killed her own daughter. By the end of the novel, he faces his past and returns to Sethe with a newfound sense of tenderness and vulnerability, reminding her, “You your best thing, Sethe” (322). 

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