54 pages • 1-hour read
Christopher McDougallA modern alternative to SparkNotes and CliffsNotes, SuperSummary offers high-quality Study Guides with detailed chapter summaries and analysis of major themes, characters, and more.
When Caballo had finished his story concerning the Tarahumara at Leadville, the author pushed him for personal information, but Caballo seemed unwilling to divulge much. He did tell McDougall that following the 1994 race in which he paced Martimano he collected donated coats in Colorado and set out for Mexico to deliver them to the Tarahumara (108). He then built himself a hut and stayed there to run the same trails as the Tarahumara. McDougall asked him to show him one of his trails and how he runs it, so the pair set out for a run the next morning. Caballo also explained how ultrarunning has changed in the 10 years since the Tarahumara’s experience in Leadville. Runners are now completing ultras in even better times that the Tarahumara did in the 1990s, but Caballo wanted to know “what could the Tarahumara do if pushed” (112).
McDougall explains that Caballo had a brainstorm to set up a race the Tarahumara way, on their home turf (113). He thought that it was a great idea, but it was not realistic because no elite runners would come. McDougall argues that “just to get to the starting line, they’d have to slip past bandits, hike through the badlands, keep an eagle eye on every sip of water and every bite of food” and “if they got hurt, they were dead” (113). When McDougall explained to him during their initial meeting in Creel that he was a writer, Caballo immediately saw him as an opportunity to attract some runners. When asked how many runners he had lined up already, Caballo replied “just one guy so far” (113). That one guy, however, was Scott Jurek, the three-time winner of the Ultrarunner of the Year Award. Caballo had been emailing him from the computer and dial-up internet connection he had found to use in Creel.
When McDougall got back to the United States, he immediately contacted the editor of UltraRunning magazine, a man who knew every race and every name in the sport, to ask if he knew Caballo Blanco. When McDougall tried using his actual name, Micah True, the editor told him that he had rejected articles that he had submitted about his proposed race. Likewise, coach Joe Vigil had failed to meet him in Leadville and did not know of him. As promised, McDougall’s article was published in Runner’s World magazine and drew some renewed interest in the Tarahumara but no interest from runners concerning Caballo’s race (120). McDougall admits that he felt guilty for the lack of interest about the race because he “found it impossible to describe him truthfully without using the word ‘cadaverous,’ or mentioning that the Tarahumara called him ‘kind of strange’” (120).
In Chapter 19, McDougall introduces Scott Jurek, whom he describes as “America’s greatest ultrarunner” (123). Jurek grew up in Minnesota but did not blossom into a great distance runner until years later. Two weeks after winning the famous Western States 100 for the seventh time in 2005, he entered the Badwater Ultramarathon—a 135-mile race that takes place in California’s Death Valley, where temperatures average 125 degrees—and won that in record time (125-126). McDougall describes Jurek’s 2005 doubleheader as “one of the greatest performances in ultraracing history” (129). Not long after his remarkable feat, Jurek received another rambling email from Caballo asking him to compete in his race. Jurek typically deleted them, but this one caused him to consider competing against the Tarahumara. McDougall explains that Jurek “was up against the Curse of Ali,” meaning that every great modern boxer had to hear that he could not have defeated Muhamad Ali in his prime (131).
Nine months later, in February of 2006, the author was in El Paso and heading to Mexico to find Caballo again. Once Caballo heard from Jurek, he began organizing his race, which he set for March 5, and went from village to village to sign up Tarahumara runners. On the American end of the operation, once word got out that Jurek “might be going toe-to-toe with the Tarahumara, other ultra aces suddenly wanted a piece of the action” (133). Two such aces, Jenn Shelton and Billy Barnett, were both only 21 years old and traveling together from the East Coast when they arrived in El Paso. Jurek and Luis Escobar, another elite West Coast ultrarunner had already arrived and were at the Hotel bar. McDougall explains that “ultrarunning, like rap music, was split by geography; as East Coast playas, Jenn and Billy had done most of their racing close to home and hadn’t yet crossed paths (or swords) with many of the West Coast elites” (135).
In Chapter 21, the entire lineup of American runners traveling with the author have gathered at the hotel in El Paso and are scheduled to depart early the next morning. In addition to McDougall, Jurek, Shelton, and Barnett there is Eric Orton, “an adventure sports coach from Wyoming and a longtime student of the Tarahumara” who had been helping McDougall train for the past several months; Luis Escobar, an elite ultrarunner; and Escobar’s father, Joe Ramirez (136). Another runner known simply as “Barefoot Ted” because he was convinced that running shoes lead to foot injuries, thus was enduringly committed to always running barefoot, was scheduled to arrive later in the night. Except for the author, the entire crew went out for drinks and the two 21-year-olds returned extremely intoxicated. This led McDougall to believe that he would need to send the others ahead and stay back until they recovered, but somehow both were up and ready for the ride across the border. Upon their arrival in Creel, Caballo would be waiting for them and would guide them into the canyons.
Chapter 22 focuses entirely on Shelton and Barnett. McDougall explains that they met while both were lifeguarding in Virginia Beach. The two had many things in common, particularly literature, partying, and surfing. Eventually, they became romantic and got into running, working their way up to 100-mile ultramarathons. Shelton became one of the top three ranked 100-mile runners in the country, and her 14:57 time in the Rocky Racoon 100 still remains as of the writing of the book “the fastest hundred miles on dirt trails ever recorded by any woman, anywhere” (147). While interviewing her for an article about younger runners, McDougall discovered that “listening to Jenn was like communing with the Ghost of Caballo Blanco” (149). As soon as Shelton learned about Caballo and McDougall’s planned race with the Tarahumara, she asked if she and Barnett could come along.
In Chapter 23, McDougall provides a biographical sketch of Barefoot Ted. After a 15-hour bus ride, the crew had just arrived in Creel to meet Caballo, and Ted immediately began talking to him relentlessly. McDougall argues that in their first 30 seconds there, “Caballo got blasted with more conversation than he’d heard in a year” (151). He explains that Ted was a very eccentric West Coast ultrarunner, who had led a very interesting life and become friends with a group of famous people. Just as Ted was getting into running, he began suffering from back pain but later stumbled upon the fact that when he went shoeless the pain went away. He began researching the idea of barefoot running and discovered that an international community of such runners existed and promoted the idea that your feet are “self-correcting devices” (156-157). Soon, Ted was recognized as one of the best barefoot runners in America (157).
As Caballo began to lead the crew to their lodging for the night, he stopped them and requested that they “swear a blood oath,” acknowledging that getting lost, hurt, or dying was not his fault (158). He then told McDougall that Manuel Luna likely would not race because his son Marcelino, the boy who he remembered from the rarajipari game, had recently been murdered in the canyons. Although no one was certain, he was likely murdered by drug cartel members. However, Caballo did say that there was a good chance that a few members of the famous Quimare family would show up and that he had been able to “put together a nice pot of prizes” (159).
In Chapter 24, McDougall discusses the group’s brief stay in Creel just before Caballo guides them into the canyons to meet the Tarahumara runners. He explains that being in Creel “was enough to put [Caballo] on edge in the first place” not only because of his love of solitude but also because of what the town represents (162). According to the author, Creel was named after Enrique Creel, “a land-raping kingpin of such dastardly magnificence that the Mexican Revolution was essentially thrown in his honor” (162). Nearly a century after the Mexican Revolution, that area of Creel “was now the launching area for every pestilence afflicting the Copper Canyons: strip-mining, clear-cut logging, drug ranching, and big-bus tourism” (162).
Tension began to break out between Caballo and Ted because of Ted’s insistence to hike into the canyons in his bare feet, a plan which Caballo knew was dangerous and could put the whole plan in jeopardy. When the ground is too rough, Ted slips on his Vibram FiveFingers, which are essentially a form-fitting thick rubber glove for your feet and toes. McDougall explains that with Vibram’s endorsement of Ted, he “had become America’s first professional barefoot runner of the modern era” (163). Despite the tense few moments between Caballo and Ted, the whole crew went for an early-morning run, regrouped, and loaded into a bus that would take them to the rim of the canyon.
In Part 3 of Born to Run, McDougall discusses the formation of Caballo Blanco’s proposed race featuring Tarahumara runners and some established ultrarunners from America. He uses these chapters to provide biographical sketches of the athletes that will be traveling with him to Mexico. Although Caballo was not too forthcoming with personal information about himself, McDougall also uses these chapters to provide some details about Caballo, whose real name he discovers is Micah True. He also learns that Caballo felt such kinship with the Tarahumara during his time pacing for Martimano in the 1994 Leadville race that he decided to collect donated coats and bring them to the Tarahumara in the canyons (108). That was 10 years earlier, but Caballo enjoyed the running trails so much, he built himself a hut and stayed. McDougall also points out that when Caballo arrived there, he had been suffering from common ailments associated with running, but after adapting to Tarahumara foods and footwear he was stronger, healthier, and faster than he’d ever been in his life” (110).
The background and primary context for the book, the culture of ultrarunning, is a key feature of these chapters, as are two of its primary themes: The Evolution of Distance Running and The Science of Running. In Chapter 18, the author returns to America and immediately begins contacting some writers in the ultra community to see if he can get more information about Caballo while also getting the word out about his race. McDougall wrote an article about Caballo and his race for Runner’s World magazine, but it failed to attract the big-name American runners they had hoped for. McDougall blamed himself for this because he wrote about Caballo’s oddities truthfully, but “it was no help, either, that it was so hard to find out where and when the race might actually take place” (120). However, one particular runner did become interested—Scott Jurek—because he knew that he would always wonder if he could beat the best Tarahumara runners. It should be noted that even Caballo himself has stated that much of McDougall’s book, particularly Caballo’s eccentricities, is exaggerated, and after the book became popular Caballo often felt pressured to maintain the character as he is portrayed in the book.
Throughout Chapter 19, McDougall details Jurek’s rise to stardom and his status as the greatest ultrarunner in America. The chapter also serves the purpose of providing real context about the sport of ultrarunning by discussing some of its most famous races and athletes. McDougall uses the same approach in Chapters 20, 21, and 22, as he provides biographical sketches of Jenn Shelton, Billy Barnett, Luis Escobar, and Eric Orton, all of whom were seasoned ultrarunners and who would be traveling with him to meet Caballo in Mexico and then going into the canyons to meet the Tarahumara runners. At the same time, however, the author also uses these chapters to detail the frantic nature of their planned race and juxtapose the steps that were being taken by Caballo in Mexico and by McDougall in America to make the race come together.
In Chapter 23, McDougall introduces the final member of the group of American Runners, Barefoot Ted. Ted’s place within the group and within McDougall’s story is unique not only because of his eccentricities but also because he runs ultramarathons without shoes. This aspect about Ted brings the themes of the evolution of distance running and the science of running into focus as well. According to the author, Ted ditched his running shoes for good when he discovered that his back pain went away with less cushioning on his feet. This led him to study the history of barefoot running and conclude that your feet are “self-correcting devices” (157). He argues that “covering your feet with cushioned shoes is like turning off your smoke alarms” (157). Despite Ted’s assurance to the group that he would be fine, his insistence on going shoeless caused friction with Caballo. McDougall discusses this in Chapter 24, while also using the squabble to reveal a bit more about Caballo’s personality.



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