52 pages 1-hour read

Donna Jo Napoli

Bound

Fiction | Novel | YA | Published in 2004

A modern alternative to SparkNotes and CliffsNotes, SuperSummary offers high-quality Study Guides with detailed chapter summaries and analysis of major themes, characters, and more.

Chapters 1-6Chapter Summaries & Analyses

Content Warning: This section of the guide includes discussion of bullying, gender discrimination, sexual violence, mental illness, physical abuse, emotional abuse, child abuse, child death, animal cruelty and death, graphic violence, enslavement, illness, and death.

Chapter 1 Summary

Fourteen-year-old Xing Xing lives with her stepmother and half-sister during the Ming dynasty. Her stepmother calls her “Lazy One,” beats her, and forces her to do almost all of the household chores, such as gathering water and firewood.


One day, Xing Xing discovers a beautiful “white fish with red fins and golden eyes” in the pool near the cave where her family lives (1). She keeps the fish’s existence a secret from her stepmother. Standing on the edge of the pool, the girl feels close to her late mother’s spirit. Xing Xing tries to complete all her chores quickly so her half-sister, who isn’t feeling well, won’t have to wait long for the family’s meal to be ready.

Chapter 2 Summary

Xing Xing’s mother died when she was seven. Her father, a master potter named Wu, died when she was 13. Both of Wu’s wives had their feet bound, but he rejected this practice for his daughters’ feet as he was from a southern region in China where foot binding was less common and because he liked that his daughters were able to assist him in his shop. For years, Xing Xing’s stepmother argued with Wu about binding her daughter’s feet because adhering to cultural beauty standards would improve the girl’s marriage prospects. She suggested that Xing Xing could be tasked with both girls’ chores, but Wu refused to disrespect his late wife’s wishes by treating Xing Xing as though she was inferior to Wei Ping. Soon after Wu died, the stepmother had Wei Ping’s feet bound.


On the morning the story begins, Wei Ping, now 15 years old, awakens in pain and sheds a tear. She moves about the family home by balancing her knees on two stools so that she doesn’t have to put any weight on her feet. When she catches Xing Xing looking at her bound feet, Wei Ping snaps, “No one cares about your feet [….] No one will find you a husband” (5). Xing Xing knows that Wei Ping’s remark is accurate because both of her parents are dead, leaving no one to arrange a marriage for her. When Wei Ping moans, the stepmother blames her discomfort on hunger and urges Xing Xing to cook faster. They all know that Wei Ping’s pain is caused by her feet even though “no one [is] allowed to talk about that” (7).

Chapter 3 Summary

The stepmother gives Xing Xing a hunting cloth to wear around her waist and tells her to come back with meat for Wei Ping’s supper. Although Xing Xing isn’t a skilled hunter, she wants to succeed because she’s worried about her half-sister’s health. Lately, Wei Ping’s feet have oozed blood and yellow pus.


Xing Xing visits Master Tang, an affluent painter who was a close friend of her late father. An enslaved boy who works for Master Tang is good at hunting, but he’s not at home. The painter offers Xing Xing a sack of polliwogs in exchange for her help with one of his paintings.


Even though most children in Xing Xing’s area don’t receive an education, Wu made sure his daughters learned “the three perfections: painting, poetry, calligraphy” (12). Master Tang was their painting instructor. After Wu died, Xing Xing’s stepmother stopped the girls’ lessons because men generally don’t consider education a desirable quality in a prospective wife.


Xing Xing excels in calligraphy because she sought to please her father by learning the art form, and she practices at his gravesite daily. Master Tang’s latest painting depicts a pear tree, and the girl copies a poem about pear blossoms composed by his wife, Mei Zi, onto the picture.

Chapter 4 Summary

Xing Xing frees the polliwogs that Master Tang gave her in the river. She looks for the boy who works for the painter in the forest, hoping to ask him to catch some quail for her. The boy has feelings for her, but she feels too busy with her responsibilities to think about romance. Whenever he does her a favor, she makes sure to do one for him so that there’s no expectations between them.


While Xing Xing is in the forest, she sees three blind raccoon kits that have been abandoned by their mother. Although the idea of killing them saddens her, she reasons that her half-sister needs meat and that “a swift death [is] more humane” than letting them be devoured by a predator (18). Xing Xing uses her hunting cloth as a sling and kills two kits. Distressed by the task, she sinks to her knees and calls out, “Stay with me, Mother” (18). She bundles the last living kit in her skirts and picks up the two dead animals.

Chapter 5 Summary

Xing Xing returns home. Her stepmother begins preparing the dead kits for supper and proposes that they raise the live raccoon for food. However, Wei Ping asks to keep the wild animal as a pet instead. The stepmother is hesitant to deny her daughter’s request because Wei Ping spends almost all her time confined to a sofa-like piece of furniture called a kang.


Xing Xing goes to her father’s grave and tells him about the raccoon kits. Next, she gathers water from the pool. The carp swims into her pail three times despite her attempts to free it, and she takes this as good omen. The girl composes a poem about the carp’s beautiful red fins and golden eyes. Xing Xing carefully retrieves a bowl made by her father from the storeroom at the back of the family’s home. The occasional sale of Wu’s pottery provides the family’s only income. If the storeroom is emptied before Wei Ping marries, Xing Xing fears that her stepmother will sell her into slavery, where she might meet “the very worst fate for a female” (23).


The stepmother catches Xing Xing exiting the storeroom, and the girl explains that she’s trying to help Wei Ping. She places the fish in the bowl, which depicts a legend about brave carp that transform into dragons. Wei Ping is enchanted with the fish, and her mother gives Xing Xing a rare look of approval.

Chapter 6 Summary

That night, Xing Xing sits outside the cave and reflects on her family history. Her parents both cherished her, and her mother called her “Sparkling One” because Xing Xing means ‘stars.’ Her mother’s dying wish was that her daughter would care for Wu “better than anyone else for the rest of his life” and listen to his final words (26). Her father honored his late wife’s final request even though this meant letting his child complete tasks, such as washing his hair and serving his meals, which would usually be done by his wife.


Over time, the stepmother had come to resent Xing Xing’s closeness with Wu. She began to cherish Wei Ping, whom she’d ignored previously. Although the stepmother subscribed to her culture’s belief that sons are worth more than daughters, she chose not to abandon her daughter at birth, a common practice at the time. Everyone had expected the stepmother to bear many children because of her strong physique, but Wei Ping is her only child. Remembering the expression of approval on her stepmother’s face when she gave Wei Ping the fish, Xing Xing hopes she can eventually earn a measure of love from the woman.

Chapters 1-6 Analysis

In the novel’s first section, Napoli establishes the story’s ancient Chinese setting and introduces key elements of the traditional Cinderella fairy tale. The author develops the Ming dynasty setting through the specific layout and furnishings of the family’s cave home, the local flora and fauna, and, especially, the practice of binding girls’ feet to make them more marriageable. This practice informs the novel’s title, which can be understood in terms of Wei Ping’s bound feet as well as the roles and customs that restrict Xing Xing’s freedom at the start of the story.


Napoli quickly establishes the protagonist as a Cinderella figure using the essential premise that appears across different cultures’ versions of the story: Xing Xing is an orphan forced into servitude by her stepmother. In the first chapter, the stepmother calls Xing Xing “Lazy One” instead of her name and threatens her with “a smack on the head” if she doesn’t finish her chores quickly (3), conforming to the fairytale archetype of the wicked stepmother and introducing the novel’s thematic emphasis on The Importance of Familial Support and The Harm of Neglect. In keeping with her narrative function, Xing Xing remains kind and resilient in the face of these hardships, as demonstrated by her hope that her patient obedience will eventually cause her stepmother “to care a little for her” and by her decision to bring the carp to Wei Ping instead of keeping it to herself (28).


The fish itself is a distinctive element of the ancient Chinese version of the fairy tale, and its appearance in the first chapter offers clues about the novel’s inspiration and structure. For example, Xing Xing foreshadows the revelation that the carp is the reincarnation of her mother when she muses, “What wonderful thing could a person do in one life to make it come back in the next as a marvelous white fish with red fins destined to become a dragon?” (29). By combining the genres of historical fiction and fairy tale retelling, Napoli imbues a familiar story with cultural specificity.


Napoli’s decision to set the story during the Ming dynasty also allows her to examine the impacts of belief systems like Confucianism on women’s agency. The author exposes the pervasive sexism of the characters’ society by citing popular sayings, such as, “Better one deformed son than many daughters wise as Buddha” (27). This ableist expression makes it clear that, within the world of the story, women are considered vastly inferior to men and their only perceived worth comes from giving birth to sons—regardless of their own personal attributes and potential. Such misogynistic beliefs fuel deadly and dehumanizing acts within the narrative. Infanticide of newborn girls is common in “both cities and villages” (27), and the threat of enslavement and sex trafficking hangs over the protagonist due to her age and gender.


In these chapters, art emerges as a motif of The Struggle for Female Autonomy in a Patriarchal Society. The “three perfections” of calligraphy, painting, and poetry offer a way for women to express their individuality and disrupt men’s purported monopoly on expertise and education. The motif appears through Mei Zi’s accomplishments as a poet and teacher, Xing Xing’s calligraphy, and the poem she composes about the carp: “White fish in cold water, happily met” (20). By creating art, Xing Xing asserts the value of her experiences and point of view even as her culture’s expectations and abusive home life seek to diminish her.


The motif of foot binding guides both the story’s structure and its thematic exploration of The Violence of Beauty Norms. Napoli uses contrasting imagery to express the brutality of the foot-binding practice: Wei Ping’s feet are wrapped in “gaily colored bandages,” and they ooze blood and “a foul-smelling yellow liquid” (10). The juxtaposition of the cheerful, colorful wrappings with the visceral damage that the binding causes to Wei Ping’s feet reflects the societal prioritization of men’s pleasure over women’s well-being. Wei Ping’s feet severely limit her autonomy by causing her intense, distracting pain and restricting her movement, making her “practically a prisoner” in the cave. Wei Ping isn’t permitted to discuss her pain, compounding her isolation and demeaning the validity of her needs and experiences. Napoli establishes that the stepmother has bound feet and knows from personal experience what the practice entails. By perpetuating this cycle with her daughter, the stepmother reveals the destructive nature of internalized misogyny and demonstrates how society pressures women to uphold sexist beauty norms from which they themselves have suffered.

blurred text
blurred text
blurred text

Unlock all 52 pages of this Study Guide

Get in-depth, chapter-by-chapter summaries and analysis from our literary experts.

  • Grasp challenging concepts with clear, comprehensive explanations
  • Revisit key plot points and ideas without rereading the book
  • Share impressive insights in classes and book clubs