36 pages 1-hour read

Burial Rites

Fiction | Novel | Adult | Published in 2013

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Chapters 1-3Chapter Summaries & Analyses

Chapter 1 Summary

Chapter 1 opens with a public notice from Bjorn Blondal, the local District Commissioner, stating that the belongings of Natan Kettilson will be put up for public auction. In a letter to the Very Reverend Johann Tomasson, they discuss the burial of a man named Petur Jonsson. The two men were murdered, and there is some debate over whether Jonnson should be buried on consecrated ground alongside Kettilson, as he had a history of past petty crime. It is decided that since he was not formally condemned by the king, he will be buried with Christian rites. In a later letter, Blondal congratulates Assistant Reverend Thorvardur Jonsson on completing his studies and approves his position as an assistant Priest, while mentioning the recent murders and his decision to condemn the killers to death. He asks for Thorvardur’s assistance and explains the circumstances of the crimes.


The two men, Natan Ketilsson and Petur Jonsson, were found murdered in Natan’s burnt barn at Illugastadir Two women and a man were charged with these killings in Blondal’s district court, and all were sentenced to death. Although appeals are still ongoing on Copenhagen’s Supreme Court, Blondal expects the sentences to be upheld. The convicted man, Fridrik Sigurdsson, and one of the women, Sigridir Gudmunsdottir, are being held in prison. However, the second woman, Agnes Magnusdottir, is being held at Stora-Borg until her execution but will be moved to Korsna when the day comes. She has asked for a new Priest, having struggled with her current spiritual advisor. She has specifically requested Thorvardur. Blondal tells Thorvardur that he can decline if he doesn’t feel he is experienced enough. He explains that his job, should he accept it, will be to make regular trips to Korsna and preach God’s word to Agnes, hoping to inspire her to repent and accept her fate. He ends the letter by saying he will await his decision. Receiving the letter at his farmstead near the church of Breidabolstatud, a bewildered Thorvardur discusses the letter with his father. He is unsure why Agnes, whom he has never met, would ask for him. His father tells him that is a question he must ask her, and Thorvardur instructs the messenger to tell Blondal that he will meet with Agnes.


In a different part of Iceland, a young woman named Steina Jonsdottir is working in her family’s yard when Commissioner Blondal arrives on horseback. Steina recognizes him as her father’s overseer as he demands to know where her parents are. She and her younger sister Lauga take him inside to wait for their parents, who she explains are visiting friends. While Lauga hopes that Blondal is bringing good news, such as a promotion for their father, Blondal is instead there to talk about the murders at Illugastadir. When the king rules on the appeals and allows the sentences to be carried out, Blondal intends to have the convicts beheaded on Icelandic soil as a way to send a message to the community about the ramifications of crime. It has been decided that the convicted will be placed on farms, in the homes of Christian families, in the hope that this will inspire repentance. Government families such as theirs will be asked to host the convicted murderers, with compensation being provided, and Blondal intends to place Agnes on their farm. Steina and Lauga are both horrified by this arrangement.


In her cell in Stora-Borg, Agnes wonders why she isn’t already dead. She has been kept in the storeroom, where she is virtually unaware of the passage of time. She wonders if it is summer yet, and fantasizes about the valley in summer.


Three days after Blondal’s visit to their farm, Jon and Margret Jonsson arrive home. Their daughters have been keeping the farm, deeply disturbed by Blondal’s visit. Lauga is angry at the disrespect Steina shows to Blondal and is worried it will affect their father’s standing. As they serve their parents broth they have prepared, Lauga explains Blondal’s visit to her parents and his plan to place Agnes Magnusdottir in their home. Margret is convinced this must be a mistake, and Jon heads out to talk to Blondal. He returns, saying it is his duty as a district officer to o as Blondal wishes. Margret is particularly to learn that Jon will be at a meeting regarding the execution when Agnes will be brought to their farm. She is terrified at the prospect of being left alone with a murderer.


In her cell, Agnes is treated like an animal; her legs are tied together to keep her from escaping. She tries to keep herself sane by recalling poems she composes, while the people around her view her as nothing more than a madwoman and a killer. In the month since Thorvardur accepted Blondal’s offer, he has been plagued by doubts and prays for guidance and strength. Regardless, he plans to be at the farm when Agnes is brought to her new hosts. He asks his father is he is ready for the task, and his father tells him only he can answer that, and he should only seek to please the Lord. He rides to Korsna and thinks about Agnes. She is only a workmaid, but is accused of a horrible crime. He reminds himself that all people are God’s children, and that Agnes is still his sister in God’s eyes, regardless of what she’s done. He vows to save her and give her hope.

Chapter 2 Summary

Chapter 2 begins as a young court officer retrieves Agnes from her cell. She is smelly and unkempt, and she is relieved to breathe in fresh air. A crowd gathers around her as she is taken away, screaming at her and calling her a devil. She is strapped to a horse and they make the hard, uncomfortable ride north. Unaware of where she is going and told nothing by her guards, she wonders if she will be killed, but is still excited to be on the move again. She thinks back to the good times in Illugastidir, when she was with Natan and Sigga. She wonders where Sigga, the woman who was convicted of helping Agnes commit her crime, is being held now. She is jolted out of her thoughts by the announcement that she will be kept at Korsna, in the custody of gentle people, until her execution. Agnes is horrified because she grew up in Korsna and people will know her there. Thorvardur, who is known as Toti by most, is already waiting at the farm when Agnes arrives in the middle of the night. Margret is waiting with him, full of fear and refusing to let her daughters join them. She asks Toti to use his influence to have Agnes moved elsewhere, but he says they must all do their duty. The officers who arrive with Agnes stay the night, camping outside, and Toti tells them that the woman has asked to speak with him. They warn him that she has a temper and very little chance at a pardon.


As Agnes waits and watches, hungry and tired from the journey, she sees a man approach her. He introduces himself as Reverend Thorvardur Jonsson and says that she asked for him, but she says nothing. She wonders if he recognizes her, but he doesn’t seem to, and tells her he’ll come to talk to her again in the morning. In the house, Margret tidies up and notices all the repairs that are needed. She has been feeling increasingly ill and has developed a nasty cough ever since Blondal delivered the news. She has not seen Agnes yet, but knows that she will be face to face with her soon. She is determined to show her no sympathy or charity. The officer brings Agnes in, and Margret is shocked to see how filthy the woman is, and that she has been badly beaten. Margret draws Agnes a bath, and is disturbed by Agnes plunging her head into the water to drink, having been denied water for so long. Margret tells Agnes to ask for a cup next time. Toti rides back to his father’s home, thinking about the woman he encountered. He is horrified by how badly she was treated, and knows that her bruises were caused deliberately. He retreats inside his church, praying for the strength to continue on his mission and fight to save her soul, despite how oddly scared he is by this woman. Margret wakes the next day, and is startled to discover how young the officer who was supposed to protect her is. She wonders what to call Agnes, and wonders what drives a woman to kill. She thinks back to her daughter Lauga’s question of whether the woman would have the sign of the devil. However, Margret is more startled by how ordinary Agnes is. Despite her revulsion at having Agnes in her house, Margret cannot help but feel some compassion as she helps Agnes clean and dress the wounds that cover her body. She cannot help but remind Agnes that the medicine she uses once belonged to Natan, but Agnes does not react.

Chapter 3 Summary

Chapter 3 begins with an account of the crime. It has been said that Fridrik, Sigga, and Agnes snuck into Natan’s house and stabbed him and Peter to death before burning the farm down. Agnes remembers that she barely slept after the fire, and wondered if her insomnia was part of God’s punishment. However, here in her new temporary home, she dreams of Natan. The two are together again, in love, but as she reaches for him, he suddenly dies. Agnes wakes up, and Margret orders her out of bed. Although Margret is frank about not wanting Agnes in her home, and warns her to stay away from the girls, she tells Agnes that there is lots of work to be done and she can earn her keep as a servant. Agnes has been a servant since she was fifteen and is well-versed in farm tasks such as knitting, cooking, and tending animals. Margret asks her if she can wield a scythe to cut hay, but warns her that at the first sign of violence she will throw her out of the house. A group of neighbors drops by, and Margret orders Agnes inside. The neighbors - Roslin, her husband Snaebjorn, and their son Pall, have supposedly come over to offer baked goods and help with repairs, but they soon begin to ask prying questions. Margret is irritated by this intrusion, which aggravates her cough. She finally discloses the reason Agnes is there, and Roslin is horrified. The two argue, and Margret finds herself defending Agnes, saying that the two victims were hardly angels themselves—Peter being a thief and Natan a philanderer. She urges Roslin to leave, and Roslin warns her to be careful around Agnes, who was supposedly the ringleader of the murders.


With Agnes temporarily alone in the house, she contemplates escape, but knows that she wouldn’t get far. She looks at the house and knows it’ll be cold in the winter, but muses that she’ll be dead by then anyway. As she observes the house, she thinks back to when she was a foster child in this very town when she was only six years old. Her story began here, and now it is likely to end here. She decides to pretend that she is simply a servant and to do her best to please her new mistress. At the very least, she thinks, this place cannot be any worse than what she experienced in Illugastadir. As Agnes examines a brooch under the bed, she’s confronted by Steina and Lauga, who are angry that she touched Lauga’s confirmation gift. They call for their mother, who tells Agnes not to touch anything in the house and sends her outside to work. As Agnes proves herself a hard worker on the farm, she notices Margret’s health declining. Steina, meanwhile, remembers that Agnes was once a servant in the nearby valley and was kind to her and her sister, giving them eggs. Toti comes to visit Agnes again, and they pray together. He asks her why she was unhappy with her previous spiritual advisor. Agnes asks Toti if he remembers her, but he can’t place her. In fact, he helped her once when she was on horseback and crossing a flooded pass. He states that although he is only an Assistant Reverend, he will do what he can to help her prepare for death. However, she thinks she may have made a mistake and sends him on his way. Agnes eats lunch with Margret and the girls, and then works on fixing the stone wall around the farm. Agnes starts to feel that the only one who could understand her is Natan, and wonders if she is beyond home. She muses that God didn’t free her when he had the chance.

Chapter 1-Chapter 3 Analysis

The story begins with official documents that offer an account of the murders on which the plot hangs. The disposal of the victims’ property, the burial arrangements, and the sentences of the killers are all treated as bureaucratic fodder, in stark contrast to the rest of the character-driven plot. While the government is epitomized by the cold and unsympathetic Commissioner Blondal, the inner conflicts of the three primary characters in the first three chapters—Agnes, Toti, and Margret—are all brought to vivid life. Toti is shocked to be chosen for an unusual and difficult assignment, with the fate of a condemned woman in his hands. He is overwhelmed by the potential impact of his role, particularly as he is a newcomer to the Ministry.


With Blondal’s announcement that Agnes is to be placed there, the home of Jon Jonsson becomes a site of conflict. Jonsson himself is not present when Agnes arrives and his wife and daughters are anxious and offended that they have been tasked with the care of a murderer. His daughters, Steina and Lauga, display very different personalities. Steina is emotional and a bit scatterbrained, and her early anger causes frustration in her sister, who worries about how the outburst will affect the family. Their mother, Margret, is a woman who carries a lot on her shoulders; her illness grows worse over the course of the chapter, and seems to be exacerbated by stress. Margret’s biggest conflict may be internal, as her determination to refuse Agnes compassion is worn down by her horror at the abuse Agnes has suffered. She seems to waver between compassion and anger by the minute, waiting for something to justify her anger and not quite finding it. She is unable to put aside her maternal instinct and see Agnes as less than human, the way others do.


Agnes’s own voice is revealed only in fits and starts. She never tells us whether she is guilty or innocent, but is clearly haunted by the death of her lover, Natan. She seems resigned to her fate and it is only when she learns that she will be kept in her childhood home that she seems genuinely upset. She begins to doubt whether her choice of Toti as a spiritual advisor—a choice based on an act of kindness he did for her—was wise, and is frustrated by the fact that he only wants to read from the Bible and pray. She is seeking someone who will truly listen to her, and is unsure if she wants to continue with him.

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