By Night in Chile

Roberto Bolaño

64 pages 2-hour read

Roberto Bolaño

By Night in Chile

Fiction | Novella | Adult | Published in 2000

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Pages 1-22Chapter Summaries & Analyses

Content Warning: This section contains discussion of antigay bias and racism.

Pages 1-6 Summary

Sebastián Urrutia Lacroix, a Jesuit priest, is on his deathbed in Santiago, Chile. Once at peace with himself, Urrutia is troubled by a “wizened youth” (3) who, Urrutia claims, accosted him on his doorstep one night, accusing him of complicity in Augusto Pinochet’s dictatorship. At the end of the novella, it’s suggested that the wizened youth is, at least in part, a personification of Urrutia’s conscience. Propping himself up, Urrutia begins his feverish apologia. He doesn’t want to fight with the wizened youth; he simply wants to dispel the rumors he spread and take responsibility before God for his actions, words, and silences.


Urrutia is Chilean, but his parents come from France and the Basque region of Spain. At 14, Urrutia enters a seminary against the wishes of his father, whom Urrutia remembers as a shadowy, animal-like presence in his childhood home. The only other childhood image Urrutia recalls is of his own smile—and trembling—amid the gloom of his house.


After graduating from the seminary, Urrutia dreams of becoming a poet and critic. He meets Chile’s foremost literary critic, González Lamarca, known primarily by his pen name, “Farewell.” Farewell is an imposing, debonair figure with a falcon-like voice and a vast knowledge of literature. Urrutia idolizes Farewell; Farewell has a primarily sexual interest in Urrutia, a fact Urrutia largely avoids throughout his recollection. Farewell cautions Urrutia that the critic’s path is difficult because no one in Chile values literature. He invites Urrutia to his country estate, which is named after a novel by the Decadent French writer Joris-Karl Huysmans. In his first acknowledged failure of memory, Urrutia cannot remember which novel the estate is named after; he settles on Là-bas (The Damned). Urrutia accepts the invitation.

Pages 6-12 Summary

Urrutia agonizes over what books to bring for the journey to Là-bas and whether to wear his cassock or layman’s clothes. He departs by train, convinced that divine trials await him. Urrutia’s somewhat hazy recollection suddenly becomes crystal-clear as he recalls the idyllic sight of the Chilean countryside out the train window. His recollection again darkens as he remembers the deserted village, Querquén, in which he arrives. Birds seem to screech the words “quién, quién, quién” (8) (who, who, who), and Urrutia beseeches the Virgin Mary and the Holy Spirit not to abandon him to nature.


As if from hell, a derelict carriage appears over the horizon to convey Urrutia to Là-bas. He suffers a brief moment of trepidation when the driver doesn’t recognize Farewell’s name, before realizing he only knows Farewell by his given name. Triumph washes over Urrutia as he leaves Querquén and the birds behind.


In the stately library of Là-bas, Urrutia finds Farewell discussing poetry with a young poet. Animal heads, trophies of Farewell’s father, are mounted on the walls. Intimidated by the conversation and frightened by Farewell’s wild, Pan-like demeanor, Urrutia leaves to walk the estate’s gardens. Drawn instead to the surrounding forest, he stumbles on the cabin of three of Farewell’s farmhands. He enters without waiting for a reply to his knock. Addressing him as Father, the peasants welcome him warmly. To his apparent surprise, Urrutia realizes he’s still wearing the dusty cassock he traveled in and worries he’ll give a false impression of himself at dinner in front of Farewell and his literary guests.


The peasants seek Urrutia’s counsel about a dying child. Their poorly-worded appeal (Urrutia cannot tell whether the child is sick or dead) annoys him, but he hides his contempt under overwrought praise of the bread they feed him. For an instant, Urrutia glimpses the wizened youth in the doorway; however, at that time in the late 1950s, Urrutia reasons that the youth would’ve only been five or six. Urrutia perfunctorily blesses the house and returns to the estate house, which appears as a luminous refuge amid the darkness. Despite having time to change out of his cassock, Urrutia doesn’t.

Pages 12-22 Summary

Drawn into the gardens by a faint noise, Urrutia finds Pablo Neruda (widely regarded as Chile’s best poet) beneath a pergola, addressing verses to the moon. Urrutia remains hidden, awed by the scene. The narrative shifts briefly back into the present as Urrutia raises himself up on his deathbed to challenge whether the wizened youth has ever experienced such a scene. Confessing to having read the wizened youth’s work, Urrutia says he found no beauty, only obscenity and violence, “hell and chaos” (14).


Urrutia returns to his recollection of his first night at Là-bas. Asked about his cassock at dinner, Urrutia explains he didn’t have time to change. After a lavish meal and too much liquor, Urrutia goes outside to look at the moon and quell his nausea. Farewell approaches him, and Urrutia blushes. As Farewell asks Urrutia whether he has read various 13th-century Italian poets, he fondles a nervous Urrutia. Farewell mocks Urrutia for not knowing the Italian troubadour Sordello, repeating Urrutia’s words, “Sordello, which Sordello?” (15). These words become a refrain that Urrutia repeats throughout the novella. As Farewell continues to fondle Urrutia while praising Sordello’s bravery, Urrutia recalls the woes that God inflicts on unrepentant sinners in the Book of Revelation.


Neruda interrupts them. He is also ignorant of Sordello, but, unlike Urrutia, he responds to Farewell’s smugness with an insult. Farewell gives Urrutia a look telling him that it’s more important to be well-read—and to write criticism—than to write poetry. Farewell and Neruda reconcile, recite some poetry, and return inside with Urrutia, where he and the other guests toast Farewell as Chile’s best critic and Neruda as their best poet. Urrutia sleeps well.


On Sunday, Urrutia goes for another walk in the forest, buoyed by the refrain “Sordel, Sordello, which Sordello?” (18). At first awed by the serenity of the forest, Urrutia begins noticing what is missing. Suddenly, he encounters two naked children tilling an orchard. The sight of the boy looking at him with snot stretching from his nose to his chest sends Urrutia into a retching fit. The children disappear, and Urrutia continues through the messy farmland, finding solace only in a towering araucaria tree that seems placed there by God.


Venturing further, Urrutia stumbles on a semicircle of five peasants standing with their hands covering their faces. They are from the neighboring estate and have travelled there, Urrutia imagines, to see the priest—him. They greet Urrutia warmly; he’s repulsed by their ugliness and shared expression, “A patience that I feared was not Christian resignation […] A patience that seemed to come from outer space” (20). Urrutia declines a woman’s offer to escort him back to Là-bas, barely containing his mocking laughter over her incongruous use of the formal verb “to escort.”


Alone, Urrutia marches back to Là-bas. There, he finds another sublime scene: Neruda in the gardens reciting poetry for the group. Urrutia returns to Santiago feeling that he has been inducted into the literary sphere.

Pages 1-22 Analysis

Despite its lack of chapter divisions, By Night in Chile nonetheless comprises seven main episodes, each of which blends into the next in Urrutia’s feverish account. This first episode, about Urrutia’s youthful idealism and his introduction to the Chilean literary sphere, introduces his defining trait: His longing to escape a country he sees as crude and meaningless. This longing manifests in two doomed pursuits: Attaining salvation through Catholicism and immortality through literature.


The lack of chapter divisions and paragraphing amplifies the breathlessness of Urrutia’s stream-of-consciousness narration and introduces The Past as Mutable and Uncertain. Combined with the framing of Urrutia’s story as a deathbed confession, this lack of text division introduces Urrutia’s story as an unedited, candid form, which accords with Urrutia’s self-characterization as responsible, moral, and reasonable. However, Bolaño subverts the trope of the deathbed confession as pure expression of truth, undermining the apparent authenticity of his tale and exposing Urrutia’s unreliability as a narrator. Urrutia himself admits to memory lapses (his inability to recall the name of Farewell’s estate is one example), and also unintentionally divulges parts of himself he represses. For example, Urrutia blushes when Farewell approaches him on the balcony, with this sign of attraction belying his tacit claim to not be gay. Contrary to its appearance, Urrutia’s narrative is not a pure, truthful confession, but a mix of half-truths, rationalizations, omissions, and lies.


Urrutia’s elitism conflicts with the humility and respect for the poor that Catholicism teaches. Urrutia proudly notes that his ancestors came from “the gentle land of France” and the Basque region of Spain (3-4). To Urrutia, his heritage is a mark of civilization, of the refinement lacking in the peasants he encounters outside Là-bas. What’s implied in this episode (and stated later in the novella) is that these impoverished peasants are Indigenous people of Chile, the Mapuche. Urrutia’s contempt for the Mapuche peasants he encounters exposes him as a racist who fails to embody the Christian ideal of charity, love, and respect for all.


This episode introduces Farewell as Urrutia’s hero, the substitute father figure Urrutia models himself on in the coming pages, while also introducing the theme of The Illusion of Literary Immortality. Debonair, erudite, and preeminent in Chile’s literary sphere, Farewell is Urrutia’s ideal literary critic. Another tacit reason that Urrutia admires Farewell is that the latter is comfortable being gay (relative to the time, as Chile only decriminalized being gay in 1999). Blushing when Farewell comes onto him, Urrutia is nonetheless too repressed, too ensnared by his Catholicism, to respond. Farewell lives freely, and Urrutia, confined by his scruples, longs to be set free.


Farewell also suggests that literary criticism is an esoteric, thankless pursuit in Chile. To Urrutia’s confession of his desire to be a critic, Farewell responds: “In this barbaric country, the critic’s path […] is not strewn with roses […] in this country of estate owners […] literature is an oddity and nobody values knowing how to read” (6). This feeling of cultural inferiority and of living in the wrong place, separated by thousands of miles from the continent that produced the Western cannon, characterizes not just Urrutia but the Chilean literary establishment as a whole.


The naming of Farewell’s estate introduces the theme of The Problem of Complicity in Dictatorships. Though Urrutia is unsure which of Huysmans’s novels the estate was named after, he chooses Là-bas (translated as Down There or The Damned). This allusion introduces a parallel between Durtal, the antihero of Là-bas, and Urrutia. Amid a decaying society, both Urrutia and Durtal pursue meaning in medieval history and Catholicism. For Urrutia, the estate is a place of moral peril. Prior to his journey there, he’s overcome by trepidation, convinced that God has harsh lessons in store for him, and his arrival in the village of Querquén evokes, in his own description, a descent into hell, a descent suggested by the euphemism “down there.” One of the sources of Urrutia’s spiritual peril is his repressed desire for Farewell—to Urrutia, being gay is a sin.

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