43 pages 1-hour read

Abdulrazak Gurnah

By the Sea

Fiction | Novel | Adult | Published in 2001

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Chapter 5Chapter Summaries & Analyses

Content Warning: This section of the guide includes discussion of pregnancy loss and death.

Chapter 5 Summary: “Silences”

Saleh Omar waits in his apartment for Latif Mahmud. When Latif arrives, they exchange reserved greetings. They discuss why Saleh is using Latif’s father’s name and why Latif delayed his visit for several months. Saleh explains that changing his name was an act of desperation, remarking, “I took your father's name to save my life […] There was sweet irony in that, after your father had so very nearly succeeded in destroying it” (185).


The narrative shifts back and forth between their present conversation and Saleh’s account of the history connecting their families. He recalls his wife, Salha, whom he married the same year he won possession of the Mahmuds’ house; after several lost pregnancies, they had a daughter, Ruqiya. As they talk, Latif temporarily diffuses some of the tension by saying he would “prefer not to” quarrel with Saleh (198)—an allusion to “Bartleby, the Scrivener” that Saleh catches. However, the moment passes when Latif asks about the ebony table that belonged to his brother, Hassan. Saleh confirms he refused to return the table to Latif’s family after they lost their house, which he now regrets and struggles to explain, remarking, “I don’t know [why I kept it] […] Greed. Meanness” (202).


Saleh then explains his own relationship with Hussein, saying that he loaned him money because he was flattered to have business dealings with someone so cosmopolitan. He soon realized that Hussein would likely never come back, but Saleh needed to be repaid, his business having suffered in the wake of independence. Nevertheless, he didn’t want to seize Rajab’s house, so he came up with a plan that would involve mortgaging the house in such a way that Rajab could keep possession of it and Saleh could recover his money. When Saleh presented this plan to Rajab, however, Rajab vehemently rejected it, accusing Saleh of having already stolen Rajab’s aunt’s house.


Saleh found these accusations unfounded, and his anger over them influenced his decision to take possession of Rajab’s home after all. He explains that, years earlier, Saleh’s stepmother, Bi Maryam, legally signed her house over to Saleh; following the death of Saleh’s father, she wanted to ensure that the house would not go to her nephew, Rajab, as he had a reputation for drinking and irresponsibility. Rajab, however, had long claimed that Saleh’s father had pressured Bi Maryam to make him a partial owner of the property; when Saleh inherited the property from Bi Maryam, Rajab accused him of doing the same. Shaken by these revelations, Latif says he must leave Saleh’s apartment but promises to return to hear the rest of the story. Saleh gives him tea before he goes, and they discuss the fact that they are related by marriage.

Chapter 5 Analysis

This chapter marks a critical structural pivot, shifting the novel from two separate recollections into a shared excavation of memory. The meeting of Saleh Omar and Latif Mahmud forces their competing histories into direct collision. Framed by their tense present-day conversation, the chapter is dominated by Saleh’s long monologue, creating a story-within-a-story structure that enacts the central theme of The Unreliability of Memory and Competing Narratives: Latif’s periodic interjections serve as a counterpoint to Saleh’s justification of his actions, challenging the authority of his account and filtering it through Latif’s own resentful memories. Latif’s admission that he “willfully forgot so much” (248) underscores the active, selective nature of memory, revealing it to be a tool for psychological self-preservation. Ultimately, the novel suggests that this back-and-forth is not so much about the desire for absolution as it is about the desire for witness; Saleh says that he wants “to be shriven of the burden of events and stories which [he has] never been able to tell” (217). Though some measure of historical truth may emerge from the clash of competing narratives, the novel prioritizes the recognition of subjective truth.


The chapter’s title, “Silences,” is seemingly ironic given that this section is filled with speech, but that speech illuminates the decades of unspoken familial grievance that have defined both men’s lives. Saleh’s need to vindicate his past reveals a man who has carried the weight of a hostile narrative for his entire adult life. Latif, conversely, assumes the role of accuser, his questions exposing deep-seated resentments. Ultimately, their interaction is a collision of inherited grievances, a conflict not truly between the two men but between the legacies of their families. Saleh’s exhaustive recounting of the property dispute involving his stepmother, Bi Maryam, rewrites the core narrative of betrayal. By tracing the grievance back through generations, he reframes his own actions as the conclusion of a long history of familial injustice, highlighting the theme of The Intergenerational Burdens of Betrayal and Inheritance. However, Latif has also lived under the shadow of this family feud, as he explains:


I remember the story about how you had stolen the house from [Rajab’s] aunt and now you wanted to steal our house. I don’t even know if I remember that day [that Saleh approached Rajeb with his offer], but I remember the story. It was the story of my youth. When I read ‘Bartleby’ for the first time I realized that that was how I thought of my father, resigned in his futility and you his persecutor (215).


Latif’s words illustrate how a shared memory—or even a shared narrative, as evidenced by his interpretation of “Bartleby,” a story Saleh also identifies with—resonates differently in light of different intergenerational experiences, exemplifying the relationship between the two themes.


The narrative grounds these abstract struggles over memory and legacy in the material world through the motif of furniture and the symbolism of the houses. The small ebony table, a seemingly minor possession, becomes a potent symbol for Latif of his family’s humiliation and the loss of his brother. For Saleh, the refusal to return it represents a moment of pettiness and pique that had devastating consequences. Meanwhile, the contested houses function as the ultimate symbols of security, heritage, and belonging. Saleh’s meticulous defense of his legal right to Bi Maryam’s property is simultaneously a defense of his own honor. His detailed descriptions of the improvements that he, his father, and stepmother made to the house—the addition of windows, latticed shutters, and blue tiles—imbue the physical structure with personal history and emotional investment, transforming it from a mere asset into a cherished home. In a narrative defined by the trauma of displacement, houses represent a lost rootedness, and the battle for their ownership is a microcosm of larger historical struggles over territory and legacy.

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