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The tumultuous friendship between David and Primrose illustrates the idea that friendship can fill the voids left by inadequate parental and familial attention. Prior to the children’s first meetings, the novel emphasizes their nontraditional family structures to indicate that both children receive less support than they need and have a wealth of unresolved feelings that need to be explored and expressed before they can be fully healed. Most notably, David continues to seethe in silent anger and grief over his mother’s death, and as the new kid in town, he has no ready-made friends just yet. Likewise, Primrose has an absent father who only exists in a picture frame, a mother who is not entirely present for her, and no friends her age. With these strong parallels in their lives, the two children instantly gravitate toward one another despite their somewhat antagonistic dynamic.
From the very beginning of their unusual friendship, David and Primrose commiserate over their family lives, specifically their lack of traditional mothers. David complains about his grandmother because “She thinks she’s my mother. Nobody’s my mother” (64), to which Primrose replies, “Same here” (64). Although Primrose’s mother is alive, she relates to David’s longing for motherly experiences and laments that she is missing out on key childhood moments—like being read to sleep—because of her unusual mother. Primrose wishes she had “a nice, normal mother like everybody else […] A mother that cooks dinner. That takes me places. That buys me stuff” (123). To approximate the sense of falling asleep to the sound of someone reading to her, she attends story time at the library; the attempt does not work as planned but does gain her a friend and ally in the form of David, as this second encounter with one another is the meeting that truly launches their bond.
David, too, has voids to fill after his mother’s death, and his friendship with Primrose helps him to cope with his grief despite his adherence to a series of superstitions related to his mother. By the final act of the novel, the two have often come to fill each other’s emotional needs, and they finally come together to heal each other’s deepest motherly wounds. In Chapter 37, when they are stuck in the wilderness with only the moonlight for company, Primrose hands David a comic and demands that he read to her. David obliges, understanding the gravity of Primrose’s request. When he runs out of comics to read, he begins to make up stories and finally gains the confidence to tell his favorite bedtime story, which he has studiously avoided ever since his mother’s death. Because “his mother had read it to him night after night” (202), he finally confronts his grief by revisiting this story for the purpose of bringing comfort to Primrose. And just as he helps Primrose, his unusual friend also helps him by taking him to see the sunrise. She uses reverse psychology to entice him by saying, “You don’t have to look. I won’t make you” (208) and then expressing her awe at the beauty before them. With Primrose’s help, David recognizes that “the time had come” (208) to face this particular aversion. He therefore watches the sun rise with Primrose and “[clings] to her, sobbing” (209). Thus, both David and Primrose manage to fill the voids left by each other’s parents, and it is clear that their friendship becomes a source of comfort in the absence of the parental attentions that they so desperately need.
The relationship between grief and superstition is primarily explored through David’s habits, as his primary conflict centers around the heavy load of grief that he carries in the aftermath of his mother’s death. Because he finds many ordinary objects and events to be painful reminders of her death, he locks himself away behind a wall of irrational superstitions in a vain attempt to gain control over his environment and avoid the things that trigger his grief. However, this approach ultimately keeps him from facing and fully feeling his sadness, and until he finds a way to open himself to the memories that haunt him, he remains stuck in an awkward, fear-filled limbo that keeps him from building stronger bonds with his remaining family. Ultimately, the essence of David’s journey is to come to the realization that his superstitions are an ineffective way to handle his grief.
David’s superstitions emerge early in the novel. In Chapter 4, for example, he tells a seemingly “dead” Primrose about his secret memento but says that “nobody’s allowed to see it” (18). This memento, which is later revealed to be a plastic turtle that he once gave to his mother, is directly symbolic of his grief; he keeps it in his pocket constantly and feels for it when he is in the midst of emotionally “rotten times” (11). His secrecy around this memento stands as one of many superstitions that he uses to cope with his grief. Another superstition is his compulsive rule-following, which extends to making up new rules to adhere to. In David’s estimation, his mother died because someone broke a rule and neglected to put a warning sign near a recently mopped floor, and he therefore believes that “if he [goes] a long enough time without breaking a rule […] a score [will] be settled, and his mother [will] come back” (31). This conviction mirrors his superstition about the sunrise, for he “promise[s] himself he would never see the sun rise” without his mother—something they were supposed to do together the morning after her death (67), and he irrationally believes that his adherence to this particular rule will one day “help bring her back” (67). By indulging in these superstitions, David gains an illusory sense of control over his grief, but in reality, he merely avoids facing the unpleasant reality that his mother is gone forever.
As the novel unfolds, it becomes harder for David to maintain his superstitions, and he eventually comes to understand that in order to move forward, he must let go of the unhelpful beliefs that are holding him back. With Primrose’s help, he finally confronts and overcomes his superstitions by breaking his promise never to watch the sunrise. This shift leads to a moment of catharsis as he “clung to [Primrose], sobbing, his tears damp on her shirt, nearly squeezing the breath out of her” (209). When she gently reminds David, “I’m not her, you know” (209), David accepts that he’ll never see the sunrise with his mother, and he finally decides to move on in that regard. Later, finally free of his superstitions, he begins to grieve more effectively, and he actively leans on the support of his friend and his family.
The contrasts between a life of following the rules and a life of taking risks are explored primarily through the contrasts in David and Primrose’s characters. Both children seek ways to cope with their unhappy and unusual home lives, but they often choose very different tactics in this regard. Specifically, David is presented as a strict rule-follower. As the narrative states, “David had always been a pretty law-abiding kid, but ever since April 29 of last year, he had become a stone stickler for rules (except his grandmother’s)” (13). The reason behind David’s rule-following is further detailed in Chapter 7, which reveals that his mother died because someone did not follow the rules and neglected to put up a “wet floor” sign after mopping. Now, in his mother’s absence, David’s rule-following helps him to deal with the pain of losing her, and it also provides him with an arbitrary structure to follow in the absence of this parental figure.
Primrose, on the other hand, acts without rules and openly defies common social conventions. Her mother is not involved in her daily life in any meaningful way, so Primrose lacks the experiences that are common to other children and is not hindered by limitations such as bedtimes or curfews. Her closest friend is “Refrigerator John,” a kindly man who runs the local junkyard, and not even he can provide her with proper supervision. Her risk-taking behavior, therefore, runs rampant, as she lacks the moderating influence of a parent who is fully present with her. For example, she moves out of the house that she shares with her mother and renovates a junker van into a bedroom for herself, thereby putting herself at risk in the unsecured vehicle just to have some privacy. Her risk-taking ways culminate in her bold but ill-prepared quest to lead David into the barren wilderness along the train tracks between their small town and Philadelphia.
In the final act, David and Primrose come to understand the merits of each other’s ways. Primrose, who has pushed David out of his comfort zone many times throughout the novel, finally understands that abiding by his rules will get her further than pushing him to break them. She therefore adheres to his limitations when she takes him to see the sunrise, and in the comfort of Primrose’s respect for his boundaries, he chooses to take a risk and break his own rule. This scene ultimately communicates that rules and risks both have their own merits. When the two friends use each other’s techniques to approach life, they ultimately strengthen their friendship and their mutual understanding.



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