Foucault's Pendulum

Umberto Eco

73 pages 2-hour read

Umberto Eco

Foucault's Pendulum

Fiction | Novel | Adult | Published in 1988

A modern alternative to SparkNotes and CliffsNotes, SuperSummary offers high-quality Study Guides with detailed chapter summaries and analysis of major themes, characters, and more.

Part 5, Chapter 49-Part 6, Chapter 72Chapter Summaries & Analyses

Content Warning: This section of the guide includes discussion of emotional abuse, graphic violence, and sexual content.

Part 5: “Gevurah” - Part 6: “Tiferet”

Part 5, Chapter 49 Summary

Belbo comments that Agliè referred to himself, Bramanti, and Pierre as being bonded by “spiritual knighthood.” To elaborate, Belbo tells a story about his Uncle Carlo, who owned the rural hilltop house young Belbo lived in. After fighting in World War I, Carlo was appointed to the local tax office. When the Social Republic came into power in 1943, Carlo’s tenant, a farmer named Adelino Canepa, supplied Carlo’s name to the local partisans. The partisans, led by a man named Mongo, invaded Carlo’s town and prepared to execute him. When Carlo declared his military record, however, Mongo forgave and released Carlo because they had served in the same battle.

Part 5, Chapter 50 Summary

Lorenza invites the editors to attend the exhibit opening for an acquaintance named Riccardo. Riccardo’s work references Christian iconography, though the largest work is entitled Sophia. At the opening, Belbo asks Lorenza about her relationship with Agliè and learns that they call each other “Simon” and “Sophia” in reference to an origin story where God created woman before man and named her “Sophia.” While creating the world, Sophia was trapped and became prisoner of the angels. According to Agliè, Simon is a figure who recurs throughout history and recognizes Sophia whenever she is reincarnated.


Belbo becomes enraged over the implication that Lorenza and Agliè are lovers. Lorenza reassures Belbo that she and Agliè have never had sex and that they are merely playing games with each other. However, she also drunkenly declares that by being Sophia, she is free from the bounds of morality and has absolute freedom. Belbo pulls her away from the party, bringing her to tears.

Part 5, Chapter 51 Summary

Casaubon visits Munich to find more illustrations for the metals book. In a museum exhibit on mine tunnels, he encounters his neighbor, a taxidermist named Signor Salon. Salon explains he is there to study the underground world, which is his hobby interest. He has done similar excursions in Paris and in Rome, visiting their tunnels and catacombs. Salon explains that in Paris, the tunnel system was built to accommodate the Masters of the World.


Before they part ways, Salon asks if Casaubon ever found out what happened to Ardenti. Casaubon senses that Salon knows something about the mystery, but will not say more.

Part 5, Chapter 52 Summary

Casaubon asks Agliè about two names Salon referenced: Saint-Yves d’Alveydre and Agarttha. Agliè explains that Saint-Yves was a political theorist who was led to the King of the World’s secret residence, an underground metropolis and repository of mystical knowledge called Agarttha. Agarttha was rumored to be the Templars’ hiding place during the time of the mass arrest. Agliè suggests there is some weight to Saint-Yves’ story.

Part 5, Chapter 53 Summary

Casaubon looks for reference materials on Saint-Yves and bumps into Inspector De Angelis. De Angelis explains that he was also researching Saint-Yves out of personal interest in the Templars and Agarttha. While the Ardenti case has gone cold, De Angelis remains sensitive to any clues that could advance the investigation.


De Angelis tells Casaubon about synarchy, a political theory that combined economics, the law, and religion under three equal councils. Throughout the early 20th century, various social groups claimed to espouse synarchic ideals while also residing on opposite sides of the left-right political spectrum. Casaubon resolves this contradiction by indicating that there must be one secret society whose goal is to spread rumors that they are engaged in a massive conspiracy. Otherwise, synarchy is a convenient scapegoat for one party to slander its rivals. Before parting ways, De Angelis asks Casaubon about an organization called Tres. Casaubon does not know it.


Later, Lia suggests that De Angelis sincerely needs Casaubon’s help. She adds that the answer that would have satisfied De Angelis was that the conspiracy around synarchy is a symbol for the quest to prove the existence of God.

Part 5, Chapter 54 Summary

Casaubon visits Signor Garamond to authorize an order and sees Agliè in the secretary’s office. Garamond explains that Agliè gave him an idea to expedite the publication of Isis Unveiled: Convince the list of published Manutius authors to contribute to the series. In the hopes of persuading them to join the project, Agliè is inviting all the authors, as well as the editorial staff, to a castle in Turin to witness a Rosicrucian alchemical ritual. Agliè will take the editors to a druidic rite afterward.


Belbo suggests making a stopover in the town where he grew up, inviting along Diotallevi and Lorenza.

Part 5, Chapter 55 Summary

The group arrives at the villa of Uncle Carlo, which instantly turns Belbo nostalgic. Lorenza asks if she will get to share Belbo’s bed. Belbo gives a non-committal answer, which sparks tension between them.


Belbo recalls an occasion when fighting broke out between the Fascists and the partisans in their town, and his family was caught in the crossfire. During the battle, Carlo and Adelino made amends. Casaubon realizes that Belbo feels nostalgic for this time because the world was easier for him to understand then.

Part 5, Chapter 56 Summary

Belbo tells a story about Don Tico, the man who taught him to play trumpet. Belbo wanted to play trumpet in Don Tico’s marching band to impress his crush, Cecilia. Don Tico made him play the bombardon instead. Belbo persuaded two peers to take his place so that he could be moved to trumpet. However, Cecilia was absent from the marching band’s performance and Don Tico returned Belbo to the bombardon.


Later that evening, Casaubon is in bed when he hears Lorenza slamming a door and scratching the door to Casaubon’s room. Casaubon is tempted to accept her seduction, but tries to distract himself with thoughts of Lia instead.

Part 5, Chapter 57 Summary

The next day, Lorenza announces that she is returning early to Milan. The editors proceed to meet with Agliè and Garamond and arrive at the castle. Agliè explains that the castle grounds feature a hanging garden designed to evoke ancient spells and pre-Enlightenment logic. Casaubon is surprised to see Salon at the castle and learns from Agliè that he is a police informer.


Casaubon observes the similarity between the ritual symbols and Christian iconography. Belbo interprets this to mean that there is no difference between high culture and low culture.

Part 5, Chapter 58 Summary

As the ritual begins, several vapors intoxicate Casaubon. He becomes convinced Lorenza is present and desires him. Casaubon experiences several surreal images, including a black sunset, a golden royal wedding-turned execution, and a bloodied burn whose ashes are baked to form a young man and woman. A blinding light ends Casaubon’s vision. Agliè reassures him that while what he saw was merely a performance, it produced something.

Part 5, Chapter 59 Summary

Agliè brings the editors into the garden, where vessels containing the figures from the ritual vision are on display. Agliè suggests that the figures are living beings who are being grown to create prophecies. Casaubon finds himself yearning for Lorenza.

Part 5, Chapter 60 Summary

Casaubon roams the grounds, still looking for Lorenza. He overhears a conversation where Salon tells his companions about the extensive underground network of canals beneath Paris. The sewers contain hidden chambers with stores of treasure. All the houses in Paris can access the sewer system through hidden passages.


Casaubon is bewildered by Salon’s claims. Just then, he hears someone say that they are proceeding to a secret chamber to begin another rite.

Part 5, Chapter 61 Summary

Casaubon reports what he has heard to Agliè. Agliè explains that the rite is a Rosicrucian initiation. Though non-members are forbidden from attending it, Agliè brings his guests through a secret passage, where they see Bramanti and several men wearing emblems of the Order of the Golden Fleece. The editors observe a resemblance between the Rosicrucian ceremony and the Masonic rites. Agliè clarifies that Freemasonry is derivative of the Templar tradition. Belbo asks which tradition Agliè subscribes to. Agliè replies that he studies all traditions with scholarly distance. He adds, however, that that the derivation of Freemasonry works to the Templars’ advantage since it would allow them to hide their secrets in plain sight.

Part 5, Chapter 62 Summary

Agliè brings the editors to the druidic ritual in the woods. He explains that druidesses are invoking the androgynous cosmic being Mikil. They use a horn to conjure a fog, which obscures the center of the site. One of the druidesses runs toward the editors, then changes course to circumnavigate the cloud. Agliè soon tells the editors they are not allowed to see the rest of the ritual. He is unable to explain more about the ritual for reasons of discretion.

Part 5, Chapter 63 Summary

Casaubon returns to Milan and reunites with Lia. Because of his recent experiences, Casaubon worries that he is losing faith in scientific logic in favor of esoteric logic. Lia reassures him that his passions are getting the best of him, and that physical reality always comes before logical reality. She makes an extended analogy to the logic of the body and explains how archetypal symbols arise from the principles of the body. All meaning derives from the natural patterns that make the body feel good. Hence, the reason many cults utilize circular shapes in their iconography is that this shape evokes the sun, which benefits the body. Likewise, numerology derives from bodies, allowing every number from one to 10 to be linked to the features of the human body.


Soon after having sex, Lia reveals she is pregnant with Casaubon’s child.

Part 6, Chapter 64 Summary

Casaubon finds joy in the anticipation of his child with Lia. Following the completion of the metals book project, Signor Garamond proposes a new book project on the history of magic.


It is during this period that Casaubon, Diotallevi, and Belbo devise the Plan. A file from Abulafia entitled “Dream” suggests that Belbo immersed himself in the creation of the Plan as a distraction from the failure of his romantic life.

Part 6, Chapter 65 Summary

One day, Belbo boasts that Abulafia has the ability to generate new texts from combinations of input material. He offers to demonstrate it by taking lines from the various manuscripts they’ve collected for Isis Unveiled and synthesizing a text with the specific parameter that each line should connect back to the Templars. Belbo shows Casaubon and Diotallevi the result the next morning. While it is largely inscrutable to his colleagues, Belbo manages to grasp its conspiratorial meaning.

Part 6, Chapter 66 Summary

Diotallevi is unimpressed with the output while Casaubon suggests that it could be on par with existing Templar literature. To improve the result, he suggests feeding Abulafia less relevant information to see what connections it makes to the Templars. Belbo realizes that this will work, offering an example in the dialectic reading of car design as a symbol for Kabbalah.

Part 6, Chapter 67 Summary

Casaubon goes to Portugal for a conference and visits a Templar castle in Tomar. He is surprised to find familiar emblems linking the Templars to the other secret societies, including the Order of the Golden Fleece and the Rosicrucians. He eventually realizes that Tomar could be one of the locations Ardenti spoke of in the decrypted Templar message.


Casaubon and Belbo retrieve Ardenti’s manuscript from the archives. Casaubon reinterprets the decrypted message beginning with Tomar as the first location (the castle) and discerns that Scotland is the second location (the bread).

Part 6, Chapter 68 Summary

Belbo suggests that the third location (the refuge) is Paris and the fourth (Our Lady Beyond the River) is in Marienburg. The following week, Casaubon suggests that the fifth location (the Hostel of the Popelicans) is in Bulgaria. Belbo reasons that the interruption of the Templars’ plan occurred here, citing the invasion of the Turks. The plan would have brought the Templars back to Jerusalem by 1944, which would have served as the sixth and final location. He elaborates that because the Templars in Jerusalem wouldn’t have known about the five other groups, there was no failsafe for interruption and the plan could not resume. When Casaubon indicates that he will revisit the Rosicrucian manifestoes for clues, Belbo points out that the manifestoes are supposed to be fake, forgetting that the story they are creating around the Templars is meant to be fictional as well.

Part 6, Chapter 69 Summary

It becomes clear that Belbo believes in the conspiracy he, Casaubon, and Diotallevi are starting to devise as true. A file from Abulafia entitled “Ennoia” suggests that he remains too preoccupied with his failed romances to discern the reality of the conspiracy.

Part 6, Chapter 70 Summary

Casaubon reviews the Rosicrucian texts to see what other connections he can invent between the Rosicrucians and the Templars’ plan. He discerns that the texts were written to address the interruption of the Plan with the hopes of calling forward someone who knew how to resume it. Since the texts originated from Germany, this means that the interruption took place in the preceding location of the plan, Paris.

Part 6, Chapter 71 Summary

Belbo supplies the Gregorian calendar reform as the reason behind the interruption in Paris. Casaubon suggests that the English statesman Francis Bacon, who was rumored to be a Rosicrucian, took up the leadership of the British Templars and used the marriage between Elizabeth and Fredrick V to strengthen relations with the German Templars. This enabled them to realize the error of the interruption and rectify it by supplying the Rosicrucian manifestoes as an appeal across all of Europe.

Part 6, Chapter 72 Summary

The Thirty Years’ War made it difficult for the appeal to achieve its purpose. The English Templars personally attempted to expand the appeal to France, but suffered the interference of statesman Cardinal Richelieu. This exacerbated the chaos surrounding the Templars throughout the early 17th century.


The Garamond editors conclude that the Templars’ plan is meant to provide a unified explanation for all the mysteries that the Templars’ successors are devoted to. They add that once assembled, the Templars’ secret message would reveal a map. Diotallevi marvels at this conclusion, remarking that they are rewriting world history.

Part 5, Chapter 49-Part 6, Chapter 72 Analysis

These chapters see the origins of the Plan at the center of the novel. While the chapters leading up to this section were necessary for establishing the circumstances behind the creation of the Plan, such as the enigmatic Colonel Ardenti and his unpublished manuscript, the novel also reveals the character motivations that underpin the genesis of the Plan. Ultimately, Eco pushes the idea that the Plan is the invention of frustrated intellects who long to give their knowledge a purpose, even if that purpose is a form of amusement.


This idea hinges on the dynamics that extend between the characters of Casaubon, Belbo, and Lorenza. While Lorenza formally functions as Belbo’s romantic interest, Belbo is also incapable of consummating his interest into a stable relationship. She frequently engages other men like Agliè and the artist Riccardo, which stokes Belbo’s jealousy. Yet when Belbo is presented with the opportunity to consummate that relationship in the house where he grew up, he fails his objective. Eco casts much ambiguity around this plot point, only driving explicit tension around Belbo’s noncommittal response to Lorenza’s seduction and Lorenza’s eventual decision to leave their party prematurely.


In between these plot points, Eco pushes Casaubon as a potential rival to Belbo. Part 5, Chapter 56 presents a crucial moment in which Casaubon interprets a series of noises to mean that Lorenza has walked away from Belbo and is attempting to seduce him out of scorn for her failed lover. Though Casaubon never addresses Lorenza’s call, the fact that he is so quick to assume her intentions is telling of his own: “I couldn’t tell whether it was an animal or not (I had seen neither dogs nor cats in the house), but I had the impression that it was an invitation, a request, a trap. Maybe Lorenza was doing it because she knew Belbo was spying on her” (333). Although he lets the moment pass, these intentions recur when Casaubon attends the Rosicrucian ritual at the castle. Casaubon suppresses the temptation to entertain Lorenza’s call with his devotion to Lia, yet his renewed desire for Lorenza means that he still possesses a subconscious longing for her, something that transcends the emotional connection he has with Lia.


Since Eco has characterized Belbo as a potential model for Casaubon in his career path, the desire for Lorenza may be Casaubon’s attempt to supersede his mentor and achieve what he cannot. It is important to this dynamic that Lorenza has also been given the nickname of “Sophia” by Agliè, who functions as an alternative mentor for Casaubon. The backstory for this nickname transforms Lorenza into an embodiment of wisdom or knowledge that has been utilized toward a higher purpose. As Sophia, Lorenza also represents the creation of the world in which Casaubon and Belbo live. To possess her is to master a universe dictated by knowledge and logic, which Belbo fails to conquer but Casaubon has the potential to rule himself.


Casaubon preempts his narration of the Rosicrucian ritual with an important reflection: “it was definitely on that evening that the Plan first stirred in our minds, stirred as a desire to give shape to shapelessness, to transform into fantasized reality that fantasy that others wanted to be real” (337). Following the resurgence and frustration of his desire for Lorenza, Casaubon returns to normal life at the Garamond offices, where he is destined to follow the same path that Belbo does, one defined by intellectual frustration. Thus the Plan becomes a form of intellectual compensation, a way of restoring form to a universe that has defined itself as the domain of chaos. By feeding into the lie that all secret societies are connected and that there is a metanarrative that makes sense of them all, both Casaubon and Belbo can find consolation for the frustration of their desires. This drives The Human Need for Meaning as a theme.


Eco finds a way to give the reader distance from the two editors’ solipsism through the character of Lia. As Part 5, Chapter 63 stresses, Lia’s function as the romantic interest of Casaubon is to ground him back in the reality of the physical world, rather than the reality of ideas. Her monologue in this chapter reminds him that the tangible precedes the abstract, which starkly contrasts Casaubon and Belbo’s tendency to derive meaning almost exclusively from intuition. She also represents fulfilled consummation through her pregnancy. It is moot for Casaubon to conquer Lorenza because he is already anticipating the creation of a family with Lia. The more Casaubon falls for the world of ideas, the more likely he is to destroy his relationship with Lia. Lia is therefore an important anchor who can steer Casaubon away from becoming like Belbo.

blurred text
blurred text
blurred text

Unlock all 73 pages of this Study Guide

Get in-depth, chapter-by-chapter summaries and analysis from our literary experts.

  • Grasp challenging concepts with clear, comprehensive explanations
  • Revisit key plot points and ideas without rereading the book
  • Share impressive insights in classes and book clubs