22 pages âą 44-minute read
Samuel Taylor ColeridgeA modern alternative to SparkNotes and CliffsNotes, SuperSummary offers high-quality Study Guides with detailed chapter summaries and analysis of major themes, characters, and more.
The difference between life in the city and life in the country has been a theme in Western literature since the development of cosmopolitan cities. Coleridge and other Romantic poets underline this difference through attention to how rural landscapes allow encounters with the natural world. In âFrost at Midnight,â Coleridge plays out this distinction primarily through the juxtaposition of the cityâs âold church-towerâ (Line 29) of his childhood and the divine nature of his present rural locale.
The poem presents the church bells that impressed upon Coleridgeâs childhood as an impoverished version of natural phenomena. Whereas Coleridge is able to hear the âowletâs cryâ (Line 2) in his country cottage, the church bells in the city are the âpoor manâs only musicâ (Line 30). The music of those bells evokes âwild pleasureâ (Line 33) in Coleridge. Due to the wildness of his emotions, however, he is unable to experience the fulfillment of this pleasure within the city. Instead, he views the feeling as âarticulate sounds of things to comeâ (Line 34). Coleridge is looking back on this emotion, so his sense of âthings to comeâ (Line 34) likely references actual experiences he has had since childhood.
Despite Coleridge being raised â[i]n the great city, pent âmid cloisters dimâ (Line 53), he maintains a spiritual connection to nature. The longing produced by the cityâs church bells might have drawn his attention to the divine, but he only comes to understand these ideas through direct encounters with nature. The poemâs âdimâ (Line 53) cloisters and âold church-towerâ (Line 29) appear dull, uninspiring, and difficult to interpret. The âlovely [âŠ] sky and starsâ (Line 54) and âlovely shapes and sounds intelligibleâ (Line 60) that Coleridge finds in nature provide a clearer path to understanding the world.
One of the main ideas behind the first wave of English Romanticism was that the Christian God demonstrates himself through his works. Typically, this belief manifests itself in the way Romantic poets thought about nature in childhood education. Prior to the Romantic period, the idea that childhood is an important part of a personâs development was not widely accepted. Poets like Coleridge and William Blake advocated for childhood as a time for education and exploration.
The importance of both education and exploration, combined with the Romantic emphasis on natural education, meant that Romantic writers encouraged children to encounter the natural world. The fourth stanza of âFrost at Midnightâ lays out the kind of curricula for such a natural education. The child is expected to âwander like a breeze / [b]y lakes and sandy shores, beneath the crags / [o]f ancient mountainâ (Lines 55-57). Coleridgeâs attention to geological objects such as lakes and mountains suggests that he believes it important to observe nature on a large scale. He reinforces this sense of scale by repeating âfar otherâ (Lines 51-52) when thinking his child will âlearn far other lore, / [a]nd in far other scenesâ (Lines 51-52). Romantic writers often associate mountains in particular with the sublime (or a natural phenomenon both terrifying and beautiful, typically due to the thingâs scale).
In a religious context, the sublime helps one understand their small place in the universe. Coleridgeâs poem, however, focuses more on how the landscapeâs âlovely shapesâ (Line 60) reflect the âeternal language, which thy God / [u]ttersâ (Lines 61-61). In this way, Coleridge as speaker instructs his child to read nature as if it were a holy text. If done appropriately, he believes that âall seasonsââof life and the yearââshall be sweetâ (Line 66) to the child.
Learning, like self-reflection, requires quietude and stagnation. Coleridge as speaker accentuates the need for quietude primarily in the poemâs first stanza. He notes that âsolitude [âŠ] suits / [a]bstruser musingsâ (Lines 5-6) and considers how the ânumberless goings-on of life / [are] [i]naudible as dreamsâ (Lines 12-13) in his cottage. This quietude and stagnation, like the â[f]rostâ (Line 1) that instigates his reflection, is â[u]nhelped by any windâ (Line 2).
Coleridgeâs focus on the unmoving air suggests that he is not speaking the poem at all, but thinking it (See: Symbols & Motifs). While this inward turn is common in lyrical poetry, âFrost at Midnightâ is explicit about the value of internal, unspoken musings. Not only do these silent musings allow Coleridge to not disturb the â[b]abe, that sleepest cradled by [his] sideâ (Line 45), but they also let him observe the world without influencing it. Were he actually speaking the poem, for instance, he would wake the sleeping child or be unable to hear its âgentle breathingsâ (Line 46).
This quietude and stagnation also extends to the natural world. The âowletâs cryâ (Line 2) echoes in the stagnant air, allowing Coleridge to hear it twice. Animals, however, do not factor in his natural education for his child, nor do humans. The âmountain cragsâ (Line 59) and âsandy shoresâ (Line 56) that provide their education are unpopulated. This makes the landscapes stand in contrast to the city and the âpopulous villageâ (Line 11). The landscapes, in this way, mimic Coleridgeâs âcottage, all at restâ (Line 4), allowing for silent contemplation. While he does introduce a âredbreastâ (Line 68) in the poemâs final stanza, he presents it as an encounter that happens after his natural education, which, one can assume, was largely undertaken alone.



Unlock every key theme and why it matters
Get in-depth breakdowns of the bookâs main ideas and how they connect and evolve.