58 pages • 1-hour read
Laura Amy SchlitzA modern alternative to SparkNotes and CliffsNotes, SuperSummary offers high-quality Study Guides with detailed chapter summaries and analysis of major themes, characters, and more.
Content Warning: This section of the guide includes discussion of religious discrimination, racism, death, graphic violence, bullying, and child abuse.
Simon tells of his grandfather’s time fighting in the Crusades and his father’s time as a knight. He remembers his father coming home “half-starved, horseless, on one leg” (34) and remembers that they had to sell some of their land.
He reflects that he knew from the age of four or five that he wanted to be a knight as well. He could envision fighting for the glory of God and being “valiant, open-handed / frank, and pure of heart, / courteous—the soul of chivalry” (34). He thinks longingly of the ability to fight and kill “all for the glory of Our Lord!” (35).
However, Simon has been told that because the family has no money, he must become a monk, which he imagines will be tedious.
Schlitz provides background on the Crusades, which were fought between 1095 and 1272 and were waged to determine who would control key land in the Middle East, particularly Jerusalem. Because Christian pilgrims to the city were met with intolerance by Muslim inhabitants, Pope Urban II announced that volunteers were needed to “free” the city from “Saracen” (Muslim) control. Thousands of people, many of whom were untrained, wanted to go on crusade, and because the religious aim of the Crusades was considered to be so important, even villeins (feudal tenants subject to a lord’s rule) were allowed to go despite their obligations to their lords. Schlitz emphasizes that equipping the crusades with men, armor, and horses proved to be ruinously expensive, and these wars were often fueled by political and personal motives of great complexity.
Edgar, the falconer’s son, speaks to his sparrowhawk. Although the bird technically belongs to Simon, the lord’s son, Edgar is the one who trained it and remains close with it. Edgar reflects on the bankruptcy of the estate, lamenting the fact that all of the other birds have been sold off.
With Simon leaving to become a monk, Edgar plans to free the bird. He remembers taking the bird from its nest two years earlier, treating it as his “captive” and his “child” (39). He remembers training and caring for the bird during many sleepless nights.
Edgar plans to free the bird at dawn, though doing so will break his heart. He says that he learned bravery from the bird, and he accepts the possibility of being punished for his actions.
This interlude explains that falconry was a medieval sport practiced by the upper class. While it involved hunting for meat, it was also a way to show off one’s wealth, because the falcons were very expensive. Schlitz notes that “it took time and infinite patience to train a bird for hunting” (40), and such birds required carefully made leather hoods and other garments. In Edgar’s story, because the bird is valuable and belongs to the lord, it is possible that Edgar could suffer a severe punishment for setting it free.
Isobel thinks about a stain on her gown and her fruitless attempts to remove it. She is worried that her father will be angry to learn that her garment has been spoiled, but she insists that she is not at fault. She recalls that she was walking through town when someone threw a clod of dung at her. She saw a group of boys laughing, but because she didn’t see which of them had thrown it, she didn’t tell her father about this detail; she didn’t want all of them to be beaten when only one deserved to be punished.
Isobel wonders why the boys hate her. Though her servant tells her not to worry about the incident, she is unable to forget their laughter. She resolves that she will never again walk with her eyes cast down.
Barbary opens her narrative by asserting that she “shouldn’t have done it” and “knew it was wrong / when the muck left my hand” (45). Her narrative then shifts back a bit further in time, and she recalls that on that day, she was about to go buy fish when her stepmother instructed her to take the twins with her. Barbary questioned this request, as it would be very difficult to do the shopping with the young children in tow, but her stepmother burst into tears, said she wanted them out of the house, and announced that there would be more babies in six months, at Christmas.
Barbary was aghast at the idea of more children because the twins are already so disruptive and messy. Her stepmother started to cry, and Barbary mused that “birthing the twins near killed her” (46). She then left the cottage with the twins. While struggling to shop and manage them both, one twin soiled itself on her. Suddenly, Barbary spotted Isobel and admired her appearance. Then, on a sudden impulse, she threw a handful of mud at her.
Barbary immediately felt guilty because Isobel “hadn’t done anything to [her]” (46). A group of boys laughed, and Barbary realized that Isobel had seen them and had assumed that they were at fault. Guiltily, she went to the church to pray for forgiveness. Now, she thinks about the fact that, regardless of wealth, all women suffer in childbirth. Barbary’s narrative concludes with her remembering her stepmother’s pregnancy and praying, “Don’t let it be twins” (49).
A Jewish boy named Jacob goes to the stream to collect water because he must avoid the well in town; the Jewish community has been blamed for poisoning it. He sees Petronella, the merchant’s daughter, across the river. Meanwhile, she thinks about having been sent for watercress, when she sees Jacob. She picks up a stone, recalling that how she and her brother “always throw stones at Jews” (53). She notices Jacob watching her with the stone and wonders why he doesn’t run. Jacob reflects that “a girl’s aim / isn’t much” and that he doesn’t intend to flinch.
Petronella thinks that she is glad not to be a man because she wouldn’t be able to bear hunting. She skips the stone harmlessly over the water rather than throwing it at Jacob. Then the two play together, skipping stones and laughing. They each realize that the other is different from what they expected.
The bell tolls, which reminds both Petronella and Jacob of what they are doing and that they need to leave. They both decide to keep this interaction a secret.
Schlitz describes the difficulty of life for Jewish people in medieval society, explaining that they were generally not allowed to own land and couldn’t participate in farming. The moneylending profession was a common one for Jewish people during this time, but they had to keep interest rates high to protect themselves against the prospect of not being paid back or of being taken to court over the matter. Jewish communities were often accused of crimes that they did not commit, and the lord of a manor was allowed to accuse all Jewish people, collectively, of a given crime.
This section of the novel complicates notions of class by suggesting that meaningful human connections can transcend social boundaries. Prior to this point, the “lord” has only been mentioned in passing, primarily by those under his control, while Simon enjoys the social advantages of being the lord’s son. Yet as is illustrated by Simon’s chagrin over becoming a monk, the financial hardships of the lord and his family contrast sharply with the peasants’ misperception that running a manor is an ideal situation. Rather than reveling in his social privilege, Simon bitterly regrets that the family’s lack of funds will prevent him from fulfilling his lifelong ambition of becoming a knight like his father. Instead, he must submit to a life as a monk because there is no way to fund a knighthood for him. His narrative reflects a more nuanced view of Parental Influence on Children’s Development.
Edgar’s narrative provides even more details about the manor’s dire financial situation, for although he is not privy to the full details of the lord’s resources, he astutely notes that almost all of the falcons have been auctioned off and that “the manor’s bankrupt, failed” (39). In this light, his determination to free his favorite falcon is revealed to be a deeply courageous act, for he already knows that he may suffer a severe punishment for depriving the lord’s household of such a valuable asset. His woeful contemplations illustrate the collision of pragmatic financial decisions and deeper personal connections, and his story is just one of many ways Schlitz seeks to strip away stereotypical portrayals of life in the Middle Ages. Additionally, she highlights the differences between appearance and reality, for although the peasants’ view life at the manor as a far better situation than their own, the lord is clearly dealing with underlying issues and intense financial pressure.
This section of the novel also illustrates The Importance of Human Connection across dramatic social divides. Much of Isobel’s narrative is focused on her bewilderment over the peasants’ show of hatred, and it is clear that despite her general good intentions, she is still too naïve to realize that her wealth and privilege have raised the people’s resentment. Once again, Schlitz strategically juxtaposes the contrasting narratives, and Barbary’s narrative therefore provides greater context and clarity even as her perspective serves as an indictment of Isobel’s entitlement. Notably, Barbary’s life is significantly more difficult than Isobel’s, as is clear from the fact that she must simultaneously do the shopping and manage the unruly young twins. When Barbary is struck by the sight of Isobel, who “had a servant / to carry her basket, / so her hands were free / to pinch up her skirt” (47), the unfairness of this contrast compels Barbary to throw the dung at the upper-class girl. These two narrative angles illustrate the harsh reality that the “haves” and the “have-nots” existed side by side in this close-knit but highly stratified community.
However, Schlitz then focuses on the commonalities of the human condition. Even in these difficult circumstances, Barbary regrets her impulsive action and silently reflects on the common ground between her and the wealthy Isobel. The tone of her narrative grows suddenly sympathetic when she reflects that despite their different economic circumstances, both women are likely to suffer and risk their lives in childbirth. By acknowledging that “all women are the same” (49), Barbary utterly alters the final point of her narrative, shifting from a lingering sense of resentment to a more generous view of her fellow humans.
While Isobel and Barbary engage in solitary reflections, the interaction between a Jewish boy, Jacob, and a Christian girl, Petronella, deliberately breaks this pattern as the two characters grow more comfortable with one another and are forced to reconsider their biases. This section presents a distinctly different interpretation of The Importance of Human Connection, for Jacob has been taught to be wary of his Christian peers’ antisemitism, while Petronella has been raised to demonize and persecute Jewish people. The children’s initial thoughts express this cultural divide, for while Jacob is upset over the false accusation that Jewish people have poisoned the well, Petronella’s narrative begins with her picking up a stone and observing, “My brother and I / always / throw stones at Jews” (53). However, rather than throwing the stone at Jacob, she merely skips it across the water, and as the two children engage in a radical act of friendly play, they come into attunement and briefly forget their differences. Yet even as Petronella is forced to confront her biases, she cannot fully break free of the mental schema that her prejudices have imposed upon her, for she muses, “He wasn’t really like a Jew, / He wasn’t like a Jew at all” (55). Clearly, her comment shows that she still has no understanding of the Jewish people in her community.
As Jacob and Petronella return to their separate lives and resolve never to tell “a living soul” (57) about their interaction, Schlitz emphasizes the tension between the drive toward human connection and the importance that people place in maintaining their religious beliefs. In order to contextualize the blatant prejudices expressed in this section, Schlitz makes it a point to include an interlude that addresses the persecution experienced by Jewish people in medieval society. Rather than glossing over this difficult aspect of the Middle Ages, the author acknowledges that Jewish communities endured intense prejudice and violence from Christians in this era, in part because of the religious overtones in the social pressure for people to take part in the Crusades.



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