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Content Warning: This section of the guide includes discussion of antigay bias and death.
Thanks to a small inheritance, Jacob is traveling abroad. Betty waits patiently for her son to write to her about his travels. Jacob is joined on his journey by two friends, Cruttendon and Mallison. After writing a letter to Betty, Jacob joins them. The trio discuss literature and drink wine until they are “more than a little drunk” (125). Such details are not included in Jacob’s letters to his mother. On another occasion, they discuss art or their friends’ professions.
Through these friends, Jacob is introduced to a woman named Jinny Carslake. With Jinny, they visit Versailles. In a café, they sip coffee while “watching the soldiers” (128) march by. They chat about the differences between their native England and France, as well as politics and even the pigeons who bother the café-goers. Again, few of these details are included in the letters to Betty. Jacob believes that there is “nothing in the world” (129) more important than these adventures, but he does not tell his mother what he is doing. He does not tell her that he believes that people like Jinny and Cruttendon are extraordinary; he knows that he will eventually be parted from these friends.
At home, Betty happily shows her friends the letters from Jacob. Everyone agrees that he is surely enjoying himself. While hiking up Dods Hill, Betty stops to talk to Mrs. Jarvis. They sit on a bench and talk about Jacob, looking over Scarborough and the Roman fort. The evening arrives and the moon rises; they continue their conversation on the bench. The moors in front of them must be home to many lost items, they agree. Eventually, they depart the bench and return to their homes.
While travelling by train through the “heart of Italy” (135), Jacob compares the countryside to lines of Italian poetry. In his mind, he imagines himself speaking effusively to Bonamy about all the wonders he saw in Athens and Rome. He has been struck by the differences in cultures and people glimpsed during his travels.
Arriving in Greece, he struggles to find his hotel and then debates how to enjoy his first evening. Jacob has long been obsessed with “the Greek spirit” (137); many boys of his generation inherited this obsession from their governesses. Jacob is dismayed by this particular thought. His mind turns to Clara Durrant, whom he left back in London along with Pilchard the American.
While reading a newspaper, Jacob thinks about his place in society. The women who know Jacob believe that he has matured. Bonamy, meanwhile, is convinced that he will fall in love with a Greek woman “with a straight nose” (139). Bonamy receives a letter from Jacob, prompting him to think about his friend’s character. They once seemed so alike, but that is no longer the case. Bonamy suspects that his friend is led into “absurd predicaments” (140) because he is too much of a romantic.
In Olympia, Jacob is pleased to be “alone” (140) and away from England. He is pleased to be “cut off from the whole thing” (140). As he walks the coastline, over the steep hills, he thinks back to the vacations he took as a child. A wealthy couple named Evan and Sandra Williams are staying in the same hotel as Jacob. Evan is an unsatisfied politician; Sandra is bored in her marriage. When they speak to Jacob, he tells them that he plans to climb the nearby mountain. This plan delights them. When they learn from the waiter that Jacob has set off on his hike, Sandra notes how “very English” (143) Jacob seems. On the mountain, Jacob lies down. He cannot remember ever being quite so happy.
Jacob dines with Evan and Sandra. Their conversation involves literature; when Jacob writes to Bonamy, he describes his fear that he feels the need to read a collection by Anton Chekov, a “cursed book” (144) that Sandra praised. Sitting among the Greek ruins, smoking his pipe, Jacob is struck by a feeling of terrible melancholy. His thoughts are filled with Sandra. Whenever Sandra talks about Jacob, Evan feels a pang of jealousy. Nonetheless, he asks Jacob whether he would like to travel with the couple to Corinth. Jacob accepts the invitation. Writing to Bonamy, he reaffirms his fondness for Greece.
While exploring the ancient Greek ruins together, Jacob and Sandra develop a bond. In his letters to Bonamy, Jacob cannot describe this bond to his friend. He would like to visit Athens, but this means leaving Sandra and Evan. He cannot bear the thought of not being near Sandra; Jacob worries that he is in love with a married woman.
Jacob goes to Athens anyway, where he writes about the ancient culture that—for so much of his life—he has admired from far away. In spite of the cultural wonders, he feels “profoundly morose” (149) without Sandra. At night, he lies awake, thinking of her. When he climbs a hill to read a book among the ruins, he cannot concentrate on the pages. All he can think about is Sandra. He blames a passing group of women for his lack of focus.
Bonamy and Clara meet to discuss Jacob. Bonamy begins to suspect that Clara has been in love with Jacob for a long time; Bonamy also has a deep love for Jacob, though he would never reveal as much. Bonamy says that there is nothing he can do. As he returns home, he ponders the question of whether his friend could ever fall in love with Clara. Their meetings lead people to gossip that Bonamy and Clara are dating.
In Athens, Jacob spends his time alone. In a busy square, Sandra spots Jacob and calls out to him. In Britain, Mrs. Durrant is one of many people worried that war is about to break out. While she talks about the threat posed by Germany, Jacob reunites with Evan and Sandra in Athens. When they dine together, however, Sandra reveals that she and Evan will travel to Constantinople the following day. They will leave early in the morning.
After dinner, Jacob and Sandra walk by moonlight to the Acropolis; Evan stays behind to smoke a cigarette and Sandra claims that he is “happier alone” (157). Jacob and Sandra talk about love. They talk about their futures. They talk about other people. Sandra asks Jacob to write to her; she makes him promise to do so. When they return to London, they agree, they will meet up. Jacob gifts her his poetry anthology. The next day, Sandra finds it on her dressing table. The narrator takes a view of the various sites around London as “the old pageant of armies” (164) begins to form: World War I is imminent.
By the time he returns to Britain, Jacob is tanned and lean. Bonamy meets Jacob in Hyde Park. Clara still loves Jacob and Bonamy is bitter about this. He struggles to hide this bitterness from Jacob; he is also annoyed at how indifferent Jacob seems to their reunion. As they talk about Athens, Jacob reveals that he also traveled to Constantinople with Sandra and Evan. When Bonamy suggests that Jacob is in love, Jacob’s cheeks redden.
Clara is walking her dog, accompanied by a male friend named Bowley. He loves Clara “as everybody must” (167) and he is surprised when Clara mentions to him that her mother is scared of imminent war. Clara often thinks of Jacob. When she sees a rider thrown from a horse, Bowley comforts her. Florinda is now pregnant. She meets Nick Bramham, mentioning that she has seen a man who looks just like Jacob. She and Bramham have “a bargain between them” (170).
In Hyde Park, Jacob draws pictures of the Greek ruins in the dust on the ground. He has a letter from Sandra, which he re-reads. The letter describes a moment of unrequited potential during their moonlit walk around the Acropolis. When Jacob rides the bus, he cannot find his ticket. The bus conductor fines him.
Fanny Elmer walks around London while reflecting on the collection of postcards she received from Jacob while he was abroad. Fanny often thinks of Jacob. She writes to him, both letters and poems. These are “never posted” (171), however. As she takes a bus toward Hyde Park, the traffic stops. There is a parade marching through the streets. Soon, everyone is talking about politics and war. The country is now at war as the “course of history” (173) seems to be in flux; word of this spreads quickly through London. Walking along the street, Mr. Floyd spots Jacob and calls out. Jacob cannot hear Mr. Floyd. He walks by; the moment is gone.
Clara and her mother ride in a car to the opera. They may arrive late as another parade has halted traffic. Clara spots Jacob through the window, but Mrs. Durrant does not see him. As the sun sets, ushering night over Athens and England, Betty Flanders convinces herself that the sound of the sea is actually the sound of gunfire. She thinks of her husband Seabrook and her brother Morty; the former is dead, the latter is “lost” (177). Betty worries that her sons will go to fight for Britain. She thinks about the chickens in her yard and the community in her town.
Bonamy enters Jacob’s room. He is shocked to find letters everywhere, almost as though Jacob expected to return soon. He finds bills for hunting whips. He finds a letter from Sandra. Outside, the cars drive past in the street. Bonamy leans from the window and calls Jacob’s name. Amid “such confusion” (179), Betty enters her son’s room. She asks Bonamy what she should do with her dead son’s shoes.
This section highlights The Ineffability of Individual Identity through Bonamy and Jacob’s friendship. Bonamy is Jacob’s closest friend, yet the letters he receives from Greece fill him with bitterness. Bonamy is described as a man who “couldn’t love a woman and never read a foolish book” (139). He is “fonder of Jacob than of anyone in the world” (140). Though not explicitly stated, Bonamy loves Jacob. His dynamic with Jacob is platonic, though his envy of Clara’s ability to vocalize her romantic love for Jacob suggests that he, too, yearns for Jacob’s romantic affections. This allusion to gay attraction plays on the hidden aspects of identity that can elude even people who appear close to one another, as Jacob has no knowledge of Bonamy’s hidden feelings. To Jacob, Bonamy’s sexuality is completely obfuscated behind a system of manners and social expectation around friendship. Thus, even friends as close as Jacob and Bonamy cannot understand each other in full, creating a situation in which Bonamy’s yearning for Jacob’s affection is only caught in passing glimpses.
These glimpses suggest a world of marginalization and alienation that is as pronounced as anything Jacob may suffer. Bonamy, in this sense, shows how the ineffability of identity is both active and passive. Jacob feels passively obscured by a world that cannot bring his competing identities into a cohesive whole, while the antigay prejudice in pre-war British society means that Bonamy is expected to actively hide his true identity and his true feelings. When he comes to suspect that Jacob is in love with Sandra, Jacob’s blushes cut as deep as “the sharpest of knives” (166) because they remind Bonamy that his friend will never truly know him and will never love him in the same way.
Jacob spends much of his life searching for a position in society, reflecting The Complexities of Education and Social Mobility. Though he comes from a relatively comfortable background, his mother had hoped that university would grant him an opportunity for even greater social mobility. Jacob’s proximity to the upper classes only serves to remind him of how ill-suited he is to be around them. He struggles with social etiquette, withdrawing into himself when surrounded by people he perceives to be his social betters.
This persistent sense of social alienation is what makes Jacob’s relationship with Sandra (and Evan) so important, allowing him to escape from the usual pressures of Navigating Social Norms in a Changing World. They meet in Greece, where the norms of British class society are not present. Rather than being distinct due to his social class, he is like them because of their shared nationality. Sandra is delighted to meet someone so “very English” (143), while their budding friendship leaves Jacob feeling happier than he has ever been “in his whole life” (143). Jacob does not only fall in love with Sandra in a conventional romantic sense, but he also falls in love with how Sandra makes him feel about himself.
However, like so much of Jacob’s identity, his affair with Sandra is hidden from the reader. The suggestion of a romantic entanglement stems from the moonlit walk through the Acropolis, when they shared “some moment in the dark […] which mattered for ever” (170), as Sandra writes to Jacob later on about this moment, showing that it meant as much to her as it did to him. Her letters defy the Edwardian societal expectations that strictly govern female propriety, suggesting that the norms around sexual morality and the limitations on women’s agency may also be about to change.
Their bond also hints that Sandra has found an alternative to the boredom and disappointment she feels with Evan, while suggesting that Jacob has found within himself the capacity to love. However, their deepening attachment takes place against the backdrop of a rising militarism that culminates in the outbreak of World War I. After his brief affair with Sandra, Jacob is killed in the war. Much like his moonlit meeting with Sandra, his entire experience in the army is obfuscated from the audience.
As with his first experience of true love, Jacob’s experience of the war is too significant to be captured by a narrative. Instead, the devastation is measured by what he leaves behind. Betty and Bonamy visit his apartment after his death and sort through his things. Through these objects, they process their grief by trying to identify what they knew of Jacob Flanders. The frustration at not being able to know him leads to Betty’s outburst about his shoes. The novel ends on this question, asking the audience what can be done with “a pair of Jacob’s old shoes” (179). Jacob himself is gone. His identity remains permanently unknowable, with his greatest love and his greatest pain hidden behind the objective but limiting truth of letters and possessions.



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