Jacob's Room

Virginia Woolf

52 pages 1-hour read

Virginia Woolf

Jacob's Room

Fiction | Novel | Adult | Published in 1922

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Chapters 8-10Chapter Summaries & Analyses

Chapter 8 Summary

Each day, Jacob leaves his house at 9:30 am. After spending the day at work, he spends the rest of his time playing chess, watching sports, or visiting friends such as Richard Bonamy. On his hall table sits a stack of unopened letters from his mother, each filled with the latest news and gossip from Scarborough, each imploring Jacob to “come back, come back, come back” (89) to her. When Florinda visits Jacob, she examines a letter and brings it to his room. He greets her with a kiss and then closes the door. The narrator reflects on letters as “infinitely brave, forlorn, and lost” (91).


Later, Jacob leaves the bedroom dressed in a gown. While Florinda tidies her hair, he reads the letter from his mother. Letters, the narrator suggests, have a way of bringing people together. The many different ways in which a person can write a letter provide insight into the different aspects of their personality.


One day, Florinda passes Jacob. She is in the company of another man. This shocks Jacob, who returns immediately to his apartment. He seats himself at his table and reads the newspaper, which contains stories from all across the world. He smokes his pipe as he reads about the British Empire’s reluctance at “giving Home Rule to Ireland” (96). This gives Jacob much to ponder. Outside, snow begins to fall. Soon, the entire country is covered in a blanket of snow. After extinguishing the fire, Jacob retires to bed.

Chapter 9 Summary

In London, Jacob is invited to dinner with the elderly Countess Lucy of Rocksbier. The old woman’s manner does not impress Jacob, but he appreciates her taste in wine. In Essex, he joins a fox hunt. Jacob is thrown from his horse during the hunt; by the time he remounts, the other riders are too far away. Later, he is sipping tea in an inn when they arrive. They congratulate each other on a fruitful hunt, but Jacob abandons them. He feels more comfortable in the back of the bar, smoking with the “rustics” (100).


Occasionally, Jacob visits Bonamy’s house to engage in intellectual debates. In the background, Bonamy’s maid washes the dishes and thinks about Jacob, whom she mistakenly refers to as “Mr. Sanders” (101). She serves breakfast to the two men, by which time their debate is so intense that they have knocked over the coffee pot. The pot is broken. In London, Betty Flanders’s elderly friends meet. They chat about life in the north, with Jacob speaking about his family’s experiences in Scarborough.


At the British Museum, many people use the reading room to research. They quietly read and take notes. Jacob copies out poems from the library’s books. As he writes, he studies other people and their unique habits. They do not notice him talking to his friend. As the library prepares to close, Jacob must wait for his walking stick. Outside, rain falls. He walks home, even though he has no umbrella. 


At home, Jacob sits by himself with a book and his pipe. Most people of his age, both men and women, spend their free time by getting together and talking. In large groups, their conversations become the foundations of their friendships. Jacob attends such meetings with pleasure; he often feels well-inclined to others as he walks home alone. They watch him from afar, but never quite know who Jacob really is. When he sleeps, life in London does not stop.

Chapter 10 Summary

While sitting in his room, Jacob thinks about a chess problem. Outside, the world continues as normal. Fanny Elmer, a performer, passes between the “white tombs” (113) of a cemetery, past Jacob’s building, as she visits Nick Bramham, a painter. Fanny models for Bramham. While he paints her, he smokes. Though she does not normally seem “beautiful” (115), he considers her to be so from certain angles. Once he is finished with the charcoal drawing, however, he dislikes his work. Fanny is preparing to leave his studio as Jacob exits his building.


Passing Fanny and Bramham, Jacob is suddenly “very awkward” (116). While he smokes his pipe, a singer entertains from a stage. Fanny studies Jacob carefully. When she stands to take to the stage, she drops a glove. Jacob returns her glove; they share a moment of intimacy.


On an unexpectedly warm February day, Fanny takes a stroll in a park. She forgets her umbrella in a busy café. A woman, noticing the forgotten umbrella, tries (and fails) to return it to Fanny. Fanny heads to Bramham’s studio, but she lingers a little too long on the street, so she is late. She had hoped to meet Jacob. In the studio, she argues with Bramham and then runs away.


In April, Fanny visits Evelina’s dress shop, then wanders through the streets of London. As she walks, she regrets how few books she has read. Unlike Jacob, Bramham does not like to talk about politics or the situation in Ireland. Remembering Jacob mentioning a specific book, Tom Jones, she buys a copy. Taking it home, she sits alone in her room and tries to read the book. Though the book does little for her, she knows that “good people like it” (121). Fanny plans to lie to Jacob: She will tell him that she liked the book. 


In contrast, Clara Durrant never lies. She lives in London now and she has a job in a tearoom. Of all women, Jacob “[honors] her most” (122), but he rarely says anything to her. Instead, he listens to Fanny talk about the book. Fanny invites Jacob to a dance and he declines, expecting that he will be in Paris by that time. He is travelling to Greece. Fanny is worried that Jacob will forget her on his travels.

Chapters 8-10 Analysis

As well as Jacob, the novel explores The Ineffability of Individual Identity across multiple characters. This is evident in the scenes that depict life in London. The hustle and bustle of the city is the intersection of many different lives. Characters pass Jacob in the street and, for a passing moment, the narrator gives a glimpse into their lives. In the British Museum, the fellow patrons of the reading room are locked in their own stories. Miss Marchmont and Frazer are locked in battles for recognition that give meaning to their lives but that are utterly unknown to Jacob. He does not know their stories; they do not know his. Miss Julia Hedge may be “wetting her pen in bitterness” (104), but she shares nothing with Jacob other than occasional physical proximity. 


The characters are so unlike one another on an individual level, yet they share a broader social alienation that motivates their actions. They are brought to the library through a desire for the world to know them better. Jacob copies out poems, sculpting his own understanding of the self through the writing of others, while people like Fraser and Julia hope that their writing will lead to better connections and self-expression. London as the intersection for ineffable, complicated lives illustrates that the identity crisis at the heart of Jacob’s Room is not limited to Jacob. Snatches of conversation and hints at competing narratives show that Jacob may be the protagonist of the novel, but he is just one of many people struggling to clearly define themselves.


Another instance of the ephemeral nature of identity can be found in Barnham’s attempts to draw Fanny. She models for him, though the narrator notes that she is “not beautiful” (115). It is not Fanny’s beauty that captivates Branham, but her unknowability. As he sketches her in charcoal, he feels frustrated that he cannot capture her likeness. From certain angles, he concedes, she may be attractive, but he lacks the talent to reflect this multifaceted appearance in his art. Fanny’s self cannot be captured, just as Jacob’s identity cannot be truly understood. As such, the novel itself becomes a reflection of Branham’s failed attempts to draw Fanny. His attempts to comprehend Fanny from so many different angles reflect the novel’s own attempt to comprehend Jacob from a similarly diverse range of subjective experiences.


As part of Jacob’s attempts to better understand himself, he joins a fox hunt in Essex, which once more speaks to Navigating Social Norms in a Changing World. For the wealthy members of the upper class, such enterprises are second nature. Riding horses and jumping fences is a social expectation, with the hunt itself being a class signifier. In both a literal and figurative sense, Jacob strives to keep up with his peers but falls from his horse. His fall metaphorically represents his struggle to fit into the world of the rich and powerful. Even after the meeting has concluded, Jacob does not seem keen to fit into the upper crust. In a pub, he prefers to drink with the “rustics” (100). Jacob is more comfortable among these working-class men, where he does not need to constantly second-guess his actions in an effort to fit in. 


After graduating from Cambridge, Jacob had been led to believe that education was an engine of class mobility, once more invoking The Complexities of Education and Social Mobility. Instead, his time at university has left him caught between two worlds. Rather than making him socially mobile, the experiences of life among the rich upper classes reinforce his sense of class division. As much as Jacob tries, he will never truly convince himself that he fits in.

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