68 pages • 2-hour read
Tomson HighwayA modern alternative to SparkNotes and CliffsNotes, SuperSummary offers high-quality Study Guides with detailed chapter summaries and analysis of major themes, characters, and more.
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The children enact the Passion of the Christ in the schoolyard, thrilling in the violence and adventure of the scene. As Jeremiah (pretending to be a Roman Centurion) whips Gabriel (playing Jesus), Gabriel remembers a punishment he received earlier that week. Caught singing the Cree song “Kimoosoom Chimasoo” (83), which means “Grandpa gets a hard-on, grandma runs away,” Gabriel was whipped across his naked buttocks by Brother Stumbo until he nearly bled. As Jeremiah and the other children tie Gabriel to a cross, images from the school beating interrupt Gabriel’s experience. When Brother Stumbo blows the whistle for supper, the boys rush away, leaving a crying Gabriel still tied to the fence. By the time he wiggles free and reaches the dining room, supper is over. Gabriel vows to avenge himself against his laughing brother.
Jeremiah and Gabriel are overjoyed to join their family in Eemanapiteepitat at the end of June. The family travel in a wooden canoe across Mistik Lake for the summer’s fishing season. As Abraham paddles, Gabriel shows Jeremiah a flame flickering in the distance. Mariesis asks the boys not to look at the flame since it is from Chachagathoo, an evil Cree woman whom Father Thibodeau, the predecessor of Father Bouchard, hated. The boys have heard of Chachagathoo, whose very name is forbidden because of her “machipoowamoowin,” or “bad dream power” (91). Gabriel asks his mother in English if machipoowamoowin is something like what Father Lafleur does to the boys at school. Jeremiah tells Gabriel that even if he explained to his parents what he meant, “[T]hey would side with Father Lafleur” (92). Mariesis, who doesn’t know English, asks Gabriel what he means, but Gabriel replies “Maw keegway,” or nothing.
At the end of the summer holidays, Gabriel and Jeremiah play at being in church, with Jeremiah practicing the accordion. The congregation of “Father Gabriel” consists of sticks of various lengths arranged in rows and their loyal dog Kiputz. When a squirrel darts across his line of sight, Kiputz begins to bark “Miximoo! Miximoo!” in Cree. Cree being forbidden in church, Gabriel scolds Kiputz, but Kiputz takes off after the squirrel. Caught up in the music, Jeremiah continues to play and sing songs that switch from solemn hymns to the bawdy “Do your balls hang low, do they jiggle to and fro” (93). Gabriel runs after Kiputz, who is circling the tree the squirrel has climbed. As Gabriel tries to reach Kiputz, the quilt he is wearing as a clerical robe gets caught in a branch and tears, dragging Gabriel down until he is knocked senseless. Later, Mariesis scolds him for ruining the quilt.
Jeremiah’s 16 notes, inspired by the Fur Queen, continue to play in the background for six more years—the remainder of his time at Birch Lake—until they land in the city of Winnipeg, Manitoba “in the pink salon of another woman in white fur” (96).
This section continues the text’s narrative techniques of repetition and magical realism. Though the story unfolds in a linear format—events occur sequentially—the narrative also contains elements of circular time, with memories, motifs, and even descriptions recurring. Just like the Fur Queen played a pivotal role in Abraham’s life, so does she in Jeremiah’s when she directs his music to Winnipeg. This technique of repetition is typical of oral Cree storytelling. Even the existence of two brothers, twin-like despite being separated by three years and sharing parallel interests in music and dance, constitutes a repetition.
Highway further plays with time by using devices such as the fast-forward in Chapter 11, where he skips six years in the lives of the Okimasis brothers. These time jumps occur often in the text, with variable periods of time having passed between subsequent chapters or sometimes even within chapters. The vignette-like chapters also resemble scenes from a play or film, reflecting techniques from the theatre. All these narrative strategies reinforce the idea of time as potentially looping back, darting forward, or staying still. The flexibility of time in Cree cosmology offers unique opportunities for redemption, reconciliation, and healing after even the bleakest of events.
Another important idea this section explores is the importance of language. To highlight the centrality of language to experience, the text describes the bark of Kiputz as “Miximoo! Miximoo!” rather than woof-woof or bow-wow. This shows that a Cree speaker experiences reality in their own unique way, much like a speaker of Mandarin or Greek. When Jeremiah and Gabriel are robbed of Cree, they are also robbed of their language-specific perceptions of reality. However, Gabriel often reclaims his reality by slipping into Cree at school, even on pain of punishment. Gabriel’s reclamation of his language is similar to Highway’s use of Cree words in an English novel. Significantly, the text does not include the meanings of its Cree words in accompanying translations or footnotes, but in a glossary at the end of the book. The text’s refusal to translate Cree words resists the dominance of English. Highway’s strategy of alternating between Cree and English in the novel is also an example of code-switching, whereby multilingual speakers switch languages depending on context.
An incident in Chapter 10 reveals the growing divergence between Jeremiah and Gabriel’s personalities: Jeremiah asks Gabriel to refrain from disclosing his abuse to Mariesis, firmly believing his parents will not believe the testimony of their children. Jeremiah is becoming the more cynical and pragmatic of the two brothers, his bleak outlook borne out of his own trauma. This Jeremiah is no longer the child who calmly saved his brother’s life in Chapter 3. Just like mainstream Christian culture changes Abraham, it changes his son too.
Finally, an important motif that appears in this section is the mystery-shrouded figure of Chachagathoo, her very name a taboo: “Like all children of Eemanapiteepitat, (Jeremiah and Gabriel) had been told since early childhood that they were never to mention the name of Chachagathoo inside the house” (90). Because of the taboo around Chachagathoo, the children never really learn the details of her bad dream power. By withholding these details, the novel signals that there is more to Chachagathoo than meets the eye and that she may yet have a crucial part to play in the lives of the Okimasis brothers.



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