An English Anglican priest and theologian who represents a liberal-catholic viewpoint in mid-20th-century Christian theology, acting as a contemporary foil to Lewis's ideas.

An Austrian-born Jewish philosopher known for his philosophy of personal dialogue with God, whose concept of the "I-Thou" relationship influences Lewis’s understanding of prayer.

A leader of the English Reformation and principal author of the Book of Common Prayer, whose liturgical style Lewis praises for its stability and devotional aid.

An English philosopher and member of the Inklings whose theories on consciousness and metaphor help Lewis articulate connections between God and creation.

An 18th-century English poet known for his rationalist tendencies, serving as a historical foil for Lewis's critique of an impersonal view of God.

An English novelist and essayist known for her Anglican faith, who is used by Lewis to illustrate the validity of diverse devotional practices.

An English New Testament scholar and Bishop of Woolwich, whose call for a secularized faith is critiqued by Lewis for its reduction of Christianity's supernatural elements.

A 19th-century religious figure associated with the Oxford Movement, whose views on God and religion help Lewis discuss the difference between religion and faith.

An English humanist and statesman whose defense of Catholic doctrines provides Lewis with historical context for his reflections on Purgatory and prayer for the dead.