45 pages • 1-hour read
Marilynne RobinsonA modern alternative to SparkNotes and CliffsNotes, SuperSummary offers high-quality Study Guides with detailed chapter summaries and analysis of major themes, characters, and more.
Content Warning: This section of the guide includes discussion of kidnapping, graphic violence, sexual content, and death.
Lila Dahl’s separation from her biological family as an infant incites her lifelong feelings of alienation and subsequent quest for belonging. Lila grows up with Doll, the woman who allegedly stole her from her parents shortly after she was born. Lila falls in love with Doll and comes to see her as a maternal figure, but the circumstances surrounding Lila’s birth and parentage remain covert throughout her life. Without this knowledge, Lila feels perpetually displaced. She lacks a definite sense of home and family due to her life on the road, too. With Doll, she moves from place to place, and lives between various migrant communities. From a young age she learns that “to spend almost a year in a town was dangerous” (72) and trusting anyone is risky.
As a result of Lila’s tenuous domestic, familial, and communal circumstances, she struggles to settle down in her new life in Gilead. Lila finds herself traveling into the town with curious frequency when she is living in the cabin in the woods. She is surprised by this new habit as she knows she has nothing in common with the townspeople, fears trusting them, and has little interest in making a life for herself there. However, Lila’s actions are manifestations of her heart’s truest longing: to be accepted into a community and to feel a sense of home. Lila’s decision to propose to the Reverend John Ames particularly conveys her desire for belonging. Lila gets the life she wants thereafter but struggles to accept and embrace it because she still identifies with her displacement and alienation most closely. She can’t help but feel like an imposter after becoming “the wife of this decent man” (116) because she feels that the ache of alienation is “first, and last, where she came from and what waited for her” (116) wherever she goes.
The birth of Lila’s child ultimately compels her to accept her new circumstances with gratitude and joy. Lila’s pregnancy gives her a new entryway into the Gilead community, while deepening her relationship with her husband. In one passage, Lila imagines how the townspeople and the Reverend will receive her once the baby is born: “They could bring all the cakes and casseroles they wanted for as long as they wanted, and he would be happy to have something he could talk to her about” (104). The allusions to food conjure notions of hospitality and generosity, while the allusion to conversation conjures notions of connection. Lila realizes that once she has the baby with the reverend she might have a more secure life in Gilead. The baby becomes a balm to her loneliness and the connective tissue to her new community life.
Lila’s loneliness and confusion cause her to rely on her memories for emotional stability. The author uses the unconventional narrative structure and form to enact Lila’s dependence on the past to survive and to understand herself. The novel doesn’t have chapters or sections, and is rather presented in an uninterrupted narrative sequence. The narrative trajectory is propelled by Lila’s meandering thoughts. Because Lila spends so much time by herself, her mind is free to roam between her past and present experiences. “She never really knew the time, and she could lose track of the days” (35). The result is an ongoing blur between Lila’s lived experiences and her recollections of or musings on the past, which conveys her sometimes maladaptive attachment to her memories.
Memories help Lila to survive and feel grounded in herself, because reflecting on the past offers her a sense of meaning and purpose. When she is living with the reverend in Gilead, she often feels like an appendage to his life. When John isn’t around, Lila spends much of her time closed in her room reading the Bible and thinking. “Because here was his whole long life and it had nothing to do with her unless he was there with her to say, This is Lila, Lila Ames, my wife” (159).
Without John physically present at the house, Lila’s mind wanders into the past in search of self-definition. These memories feel more real to her than her immediate reality because John does not know the whole truth about her. “How could she tell the old man about things she didn’t understand herself” (193), she often wonders. Lila has been mining her memory for answers in hopes that she might justify who she is now in light of who she has been.
She has also hidden parts of her past from her husband in an attempt to shield him from what she believes is her sin and depravity. However, doing so risks alienating her even further and complicating her ability to adjust to her new life in Gilead. When she remembers, Lila’s past self feels tactile and retrievable, but creates conflict with her new life. By living inside of her memories, Lila garners the illusion of stability and comfort. What she must learn is that these memories cannot ultimately redeem or define her; she needs more adaptive coping mechanisms to navigate her new life.
Over the course of the novel, Lila learns to let go of the past so she might move on and create a future for herself. Via John’s help, Lila realizes that the past is the past, and the present is the present. She need not try to reconcile the two competing realms to create a more cohesive sense of self. She comes to terms with the girl she was before Gilead and the reverend, and embraces the woman she has become since.
Lila’s relationship with the Reverend John Ames teaches her the importance of honesty and openness to developing healthy relationships. Lila and John’s dynamic is unprecedented within Lila’s experience. Before arriving in Gilead, Lila’s closest relationship was with her caretaker and pseudo-mother, Doll. Doll took Lila from her parents when she was an infant, convinced she wouldn’t have survived otherwise. Lila has never known the details surrounding these events and has no access to her origins. Doll is the closest person Lila has ever had to family. Throughout the narrative present, she often finds herself remembering Doll—whom she lost after Doll killed her father. These flashbacks have a melancholy tone which conveys Lila’s longing for love and connection. In the present, however, Lila struggles to accept the love she has found since losing Doll.
Lila’s fear of embracing her and John’s relationship stems from her reluctance to trust other people. Living with Doll, Doane, Marcelle, Arthur, and Mellie on the road taught her that trusting others would only endanger her. From a young age, she has believed that opening up to other people only guarantees others will betray her. These convictions originate from Lila’s birth circumstances. Lila was abandoned and taken as a child. She then lived in fear of everyone around her, convinced that something bad would befall her, that her father would return to steal her back from Doll, that Doll would disappear and forget her, or that her traveling companions would sabotage her for their own comfort. When she befriends and then proposes to the preacher, Lila quickly questions her decision, wondering “What could have made her take such a chance” (115)? Despite all that John does to prove his care and respect for Lila, she remains skeptical of his loyalty and commitment to her. She often fears that he will tell her she doesn’t belong in his home or that she is too “rough and ignorant” (115) to fit into his pious life. These fears keep Lila from opening up to her husband and inviting him into her emotional world and her past.
Over the course of the novel, Lila and John develop a more reciprocal dynamic founded upon mutual vulnerability. From the start of their relationship, John is honest and open with Lila—consistently sharing his woes, shortcomings, fears, sorrows, and hopes with her. He does so as a way to show Lila his humanity, so that in time she will show him her own fallibility. Gradually, Lila begins to share things with John, even referencing her time as a sex worker in St. Louis and her tangential involvement in her own father’s murder. These confessions convey Lila’s desire for true and lasting intimacy, which she can only achieve through mutual honesty and trust.



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