M. Butterfly

David Henry Hwang

51 pages 1-hour read

David Henry Hwang

M. Butterfly

Fiction | Play | Adult | Published in 1988

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Act II, Scenes 6-11Chapter Summaries & Analyses

Act II, Scene 6 Summary

Content Warning: This section of the guide includes discussion of sexual content, antigay bias, racism, gender discrimination, emotional abuse, bullying, and addiction.


In 1963, Gallimard is attending a party at the Austrian embassy when he meets a woman named Renee. He pontificates about his opinions on foreign policy, though she isn’t really interested in what he has to say. She’s a visiting student specializing in Chinese language studies. Gallimard compliments her on her progressive thinking, which clashes with the opinions of her father. Renee expresses her boredom with the lack of nightlife activities in Beijing. She asks Gallimard if he wants to engage in sexual activities together. Gallimard accepts because Renee reminds him of the magazine girls. In addition, unlike Song, she isn’t afraid to get naked.


Eventually, Renee’s lack of inhibition starts to bother Gallimard. He’s especially dismayed after Renee refers to his penis as a “weenie” and then talks about how different men react to the various euphemisms for “penis.” He continues the affair for several months simply because he knows that Song won’t confront him, even if she knew about the affair. Instead, Song weeps, signifying her passionate feelings for him.


Toulon visits Gallimard’s house late one night to inform him that the US plans to enable a coup against the president they installed in Vietnam, Ngô Đình Diệm. Gallimard is elated since this aligns with the position he has been personally advocating. Toulon warns, however, that if the coup fails, it will ruin Gallimard’s reputation as a diplomat.


Gallimard is outraged that Toulon would use him as a scapegoat. He initially sets out to see Renee but then decides that he wants to visit Song instead. He finds Song drinking heavily to cope with Gallimard’s prolonged absence. She expresses her belief that he’s bored with her, a problem she doesn’t know how to solve. He hesitantly offers a suggestion: He wants to see her in the nude. This angers Song, who feels that he’s exploiting their racial and sexual dynamics to get what he wants. She resigns herself to his whims and invites him to strip her, cautioning him that whatever happens next is the consequence of his desire.


Gallimard proceeds toward Song because he can envision Pinkerton undressing Butterfly. However, he finds himself diverging with Pinkerton, sickened by the prospect of stripping Song if she doesn’t want it. On his knees, Gallimard instead begs for Song’s forgiveness for all his transgressions. She tells him that she’s pregnant. He expresses his desire to marry her.

Act II, Scene 7 Summary

The next day, Song meets with Chin to give her information about Gallimard’s affair with Renee. During the meeting, Song demands a baby from the Communist Party. She shares the events of the night before, explaining that she used the pregnancy to make Gallimard believe that she was submitting herself to him. Chin doesn’t think that procuring a baby will serve a revolutionary purpose, but Song tries to justify it by claiming that it will help to resist the counterrevolutionary efforts of the French embassy. Chin is reluctant but decides to take it up with her superior. Before Chin leaves, Song points out that men play women’s roles in the Peking Opera because “only a man knows how a woman is supposed to act” (63).


Gallimard returns to the stage, gloating over Chin’s humiliation. He tells Song that he would take her back if she returned to him. Song tells him it’s too late since the French president has already pardoned her of treason. Gallimard wonders if Song’s feelings for him were authentic. She explains that loving him was the biggest challenge of her career. What matters is that he believed her enough to adore her, which inspired Song’s love for Gallimard. She brings the narrative back to the night before Chin’s visit, revealing what happened after Gallimard asked to marry her.

Act II, Scene 8 Summary

Immediately after asking for Song’s hand in marriage, Gallimard declares that he’ll divorce Helga and bring Song to France. She’s embarrassed that he’s being so generous to her, considering how she was behaving moments earlier. She initially declines his proposal, pointing out that it would ruin his career as a diplomat to leave his wife for a Chinese Communist woman. Gallimard downplays the importance of his career, but Song doesn’t believe him. (She exits the stage, after which he explains that he continued to argue with her, ultimately failing to convince her to accept his proposal.) She then leaves town for the countryside.


Several months later, Song returns with a baby she claims belongs to her and Gallimard. Gallimard accepts the child’s identity but is confused when he notices that the boy’s physical traits don’t match Song’s or his. She proposes to name their son “Peepee,” a name that Gallimard vehemently refuses. Song rejects his protests, however, because she doesn’t want their son to grow up in the West. To Gallimard’s frustration, Song says she’ll remain with their baby in China. Gallimard admits to the audience that he would have accepted anything Song wanted to do at that point.

Act II, Scene 9 Summary

The play jumps forward to 1966. Mao Zedong launches the Cultural Revolution, driving youth-led upheaval throughout China. Meanwhile, the US begins to question its economic commitment to the war in Vietnam. The latter development causes Toulon to order Gallimard’s reassignment back to France. When Gallimard tries to argue for staying in China, Toulon bluntly tells him that his analytical mistakes have cost him his post.


Gallimard rushes to bid Song farewell. The Red Guards, led by Chin, attack and humiliate Song. Chin accuses Song of living a life of decadence while the masses suffered. Song admits to her crimes in allowing the imperialists to corrupt her for their entertainment. Chin urges her to be more specific. Song admits that Gallimard performed anal sex on her. This disgusts the Red Guard. Chin orders Song to declare her resolution: She’ll serve the people. The Red Guard announces her rehabilitation.

Act II, Scene 10 Summary

The play jumps forward to 1970. After Song works in a Hunan labor camp for several years, Chin tests Song’s resolution. Chin argues that none of Song’s efforts were revolutionary. She insults Song for engaging in gay sexual activity and then insists that Song no longer exploit the people’s resources. Chin sends Song to France to take revolutionary actions in the West by seeking out Gallimard and getting him to support her financially. Song doesn’t believe that he’ll take her in, adding that Chin doesn’t understand how men think. Chin rejects this answer and insults Song, placing her confidence in the empowerment the Cultural Revolution has given her. She sends Song to France.

Act II, Scene 11 Summary

The play jumps back to Gallimard and Helga as they resume their lives in Paris. In 1968, Helga tells him how she got caught up in a student protest supporting the Cultural Revolution. Helga is concerned that France is falling apart. Gallimard, conversely, isn’t alarmed at all. They argue over his attachment to China. He criticizes Helga for having a superficial understanding of global politics. Finally, he declares his wish for a divorce. Helga initially tries to save the marriage, but Gallimard admits to his affair. She resents him for wanting to leave her even though he can’t be with his mistress anymore. She declares that she was happy to be treated like a diplomat’s wife in China and then leaves him forever.


Marc visits Gallimard to commiserate with him. Gallimard mourns the end of his life in China, but Marc doesn’t want to hear about it. It becomes clear that Gallimard told Marc about his affair multiple times and Marc is now annoyed by him. Marc offers to set him up on a date but then retracts that offer, fearing that Gallimard is still preoccupied with thoughts of Song.


Gallimard continues to miss Song. The play jumps forward to 1970, when Song arrives at Gallimard’s house. He initially thinks she’s a figment of his imagination. Song assures him that she’s real, making him touch her hand to convince him. He tells her that he set up a place in his house to prepare for her return. When she asks him where his wife is, Gallimard explains that she’s already with him. Gallimard is about to embrace Song, but then she sidesteps him so that she can address the audience. Gallimard is angry that she would defy him, still believing she’s a figment of his imagination. Song indicates that she never once acted according to his will. She sends him away to let her tell her story. Gallimard begs her not to change, but Song says she must do it because the truth can no longer be ignored.


Gallimard exits. Song tells the audience that she’ll take five minutes to change, so she invites them to stretch their legs and relax themselves in the meantime. The intermission takes place as she changes her clothes and washes off her makeup.

Act II, Scenes 6-11 Analysis

The end of Act II traces the impact of the Cultural Revolution on Gallimard and Song’s relationship. Crucially, the revolution’s upheaval makes it difficult for either lover to carry on their relationship and the subterfuges they deploy to carry out their respective aims. Because the Cultural Revolution seeks to purge China of capitalist influence, Toulon must cut Gallimard out of their operations. Without Gallimard to feed her information, Song has no power against Comrade Chin and the Red Guard. The Cultural Revolution empowers Chin in her contempt for Song, whose gender identity doesn’t fit within her understanding of the Communist framework. While Song declares that she’s willing to serve the Revolution, she’s constantly made aware of the fact that she doesn’t belong in its vision of a perfect society. Chin affirms this when she insults Song’s insights about Gallimard and men in general.


Parallelling shifts in Song’s relationship with Chin and the state is the shift in Gallimard’s relationship with Helga. Their return to Paris only drives his contempt for his wife. Even though the chances of reuniting with Song are unlikely, he wishes to divorce Helga because their worldviews are incompatible. Although he married her for practical reasons, her superficial political thinking disappoints him. The play contrasts this against the “authentic” feelings of love and surrender Gallimard experienced in his relationship with Song, with whom he willingly shared information about his embassy activities because he thought she was interested in political thinking. Gallimard ends his marriage to Helga even though he can gain nothing from doing so. The parallel actions of Gallimard and Song suggests that they’re both trying to free themselves from relationships that harm them either by exclusion or emptiness. This supports The Selfishness of Love as a theme because it makes the objective of love self-serving rather than selfless.


Though Song goes to France, her freedom from the Communist Party inspires her to speak truth to power and undo the illusions of Gallimard’s deceptive storytelling. In Act II, Scenes 6 and 11, Gallimard’s actions continue to support the theme of Blurring the Line Between Fantasy and Reality. For instance, he engages in a brief affair with a woman who shares his first name (though it’s the female spelling, Renee). She fulfills his fantasies through her physical similarity to the magazine girls he used looked at in his youth. She shows sexual interest in him, which no longer feels as novel as it did when Song showed interest. When Renee starts to reveal her thoughts about male sexuality to Gallimard, however, he becomes disappointed with the reality of her as a person, afraid that her revelations might lead force him to confront his sexuality in ways that make him uncomfortable. Similarly, Marc’s first appearance as a person rather than as an extension of Gallimard’s ego shows that he has little sympathy for Gallimard. He retracts his social invitations, knowing that Gallimard will merely sour the mood around his friends. This starkly contrasts Gallimard’s imagined version of Marc as someone who supported him through every step of his courtship with Song.


When Song appears in France, Gallimard initially believes that she’s a figment of his imagination, which is an implicit admission that his imagination drives unrealistic expectations of people. He becomes angry when she starts acting in ways that contradict his retelling. She ends Act II by asserting that what Gallimard wants to tell isn’t the truth. In fact, his telling merely danced around the truth of Song’s gender without saying it outright. By this point, the truth should be obvious to the audience, given the various allusions to Song’s gay sexuality. Gallimard only needs to admit it for his story to make sense.

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