62 pages 2-hour read

Maurice

Fiction | Novel | Adult | Published in 1971

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Part 4, Chapters 38-46Chapter Summaries & Analyses

Part 4, Chapter 38 Summary

Scudder asks Maurice whether he should leave. Feeling awkward, Maurice asks his first name, and learns that it’s Alec. Alec says Maurice’s expression intrigued him the first time he saw him; he has also noticed Maurice at his window from the lawn below. He suggests that Maurice lock the bedroom door, and the two men fall asleep. They wake early in the morning, and Alec once again asks whether he should go; he needs to prepare for the cricket match. Maurice is reluctant to see Alec leave, discussing his dreams and asking about Alec’s own: “Did you ever dream you’d a friend, Alec? Nothing else but just ‘my friend’, he trying to help you and you him” (197). Alec doesn’t answer, but he urges Maurice to go back to sleep as he climbs out the window.

Part 4, Chapter 39 Summary

Maurice unlocks the door and returns to bed. He’s woken later by a servant, which reminds him of Alec’s station, and he worries about what to do: “He would have to give Scudder some handsome present now, indeed he would like to, but what should it be? What could one give a man in that position?” (198). As he dresses, he notices some mud Alec left near the window, and his anxiety increases.


After breakfast, a servant asks Maurice if he will captain their cricket team. Maurice says he’s no good at cricket, and advises the servants to pick their best player, which turns out to be Alec. Maurice watches the game distractedly, but when it’s his turn to bat, Alec catches his eye: “[Maurice’s] mind had cleared, and he felt that they were against the whole world, that not only Mr Borenius and the field but the audience in the shed and all England were closing round the wickets” (201).


Clive eventually returns from a political engagement and joins the game; Maurice chats with him while waiting for his turn to come again. Afterwards, Maurice returns inside, once again anxious and ill; he vomits as soon as he enters his room, recalling the previous night.

Part 4, Chapter 40 Summary

Maurice decides to leave Penge, explaining away his sickness as sunstroke. Clive drives him to the station, and Maurice carefully asks him about Alec: “I could never run a job like Penge […] I should never know what type of servant to select. Take Scudder for instance. What class of home does he come from?” (205). Clive says his father was a butcher, intensifying Maurice’s feeling of revulsion and regret.


At home, Maurice receives a telegram from Alec asking to meet him in the boathouse: “A nice situation! It contained every promise of blackmail, at the best it was incredible insolence” (207). He struggles to sleep, missing Alec despite himself, and makes a second appointment with Lasker-Jones when he wakes. Before he can go, he receives a letter from Alec reiterating that he’d like to see Maurice before he emigrates. Maurice remains suspicious, and he hopes he can simply ignore Alec for the week and a half until his departure.

Part 4, Chapter 41 Summary

Maurice returns to Lasker-Jones eager to be “cured.” Lasker-Jones tries repeatedly to hypnotize him but finds it harder than before. After the third attempt, Maurice despondently asks what he should do, and Lasker-Jones advises him to go somewhere with the Napoleonic Code (which decriminalized being gay); he doesn’t believe England will ever pass similar laws.


Wistfully, Maurice remarks that men like him could once “get away” to the forest: “I don’t see how they could have kept together otherwise—especially when they came from such different classes” (211-12). He then acknowledges his night with Alec, wondering aloud whether it’s impeding his hypnosis, and whether the letter—which he has brought—could be used in court. Lasker-Jones agrees to try hypnotizing Maurice once more, provided he first explains everything that has happened. Maurice does, but the hypnosis still fails.

Part 4, Chapter 42 Summary

Maurice leaves Lasker-Jones frustrated that it was Alec he slept with, but newly accepting of his sexuality: “He was not afraid or ashamed anymore. After all, the forests and the night were on his side, not [society’s]; they, not he, were inside a ring fence” (214-15).


Another letter from Alec is waiting for him at home. It accuses Maurice of sending mixed signals, and of treating Alec poorly. Alec also says he knows about Maurice’s relationship with Clive.


Maurice considers the letter; its confused tone reminds him of himself, and he composes a reply asking Alec to meet him by the British Museum on Tuesday evening. At work the next day, Maurice finds himself dissatisfied with his job and disgusted by his clients’ complacency. 

Part 4, Chapter 43 Summary

Alec arrives at the museum deeply suspicious of Maurice, who suggests they go inside. As they walk, Maurice assures Alec that he’s not upset. Alec clumsily threatens him with exposure, but Maurice largely ignores this; instead, he explains that his relationship with Clive is over, and asks Alec about his letter. The two discuss marriage and children—unlike Maurice, Alec feels it’s “natural” to desire both men and women—before Alec turns the conversation back to his threats: “[I]t was thus for nearly twenty minutes: they kept wandering from room to room as if in search of something. […] Alec recommenced his hints—horrible, reptilian—but somehow they did not pollute the intervening silences, and Maurice failed to get afraid or angry” (223).


Suddenly, an elderly man approaches Maurice. The man is Mr. Ducie, but he can’t remember Maurice’s name, and Maurice denies having been at his school and claims his name is Scudder. Alec protests, saying he has a “serious charge” regarding Maurice (224), but Maurice simply agrees that it’s “awfully serious” (224). When Ducie wanders off, Alec tries to leave as well, saying he respects Maurice's nerve. Maurice accuses Alec of blackmail, and warns him that if he’d tried, he would have done his best to ruin Alec; afterwards, however, Maurice says he would likely have killed himself.


The pair go back outside and walk for a while. Alec asks why Maurice didn’t come to the boathouse, and Maurice says he was confused and afraid, which he suspects is also true of Alec. Alec remains guarded, but he begins to talk about himself and his family; eventually, he asks Maurice to spend the night with him. Maurice initially declines, saying he’s expected at a dinner party, but Alec challenges him on why his commitments should matter more than Alec’s, and Maurice agrees.

Part 4, Chapter 44 Summary

The next morning, Maurice wakes Alec so they can discuss what to do. This annoys Alec, who wants to savor the moment, and doesn’t enjoy thinking about Penge: “Penge where I was always a servant and Scudder do this and Scudder do that and the old lady, what do you think she once said? She said, ‘Oh would you most kindly of your goodness post this letter for me, what’s your name?’ What’s yer name!” (229). Alec did like Penge’s boathouse, and Maurice tells him they can still meet there, but Alec rejects this; he’s already getting dressed, and reminds Maurice that he’s emigrating in a few days.


Maurice urges him to stay in England: “It’s a chance in a thousand we’ve met, we’ll never have the chance again and you know it. Stay with me. We love each other” (231). Alec scoffs, accusing Maurice of spoiling his prospects; he’s also skeptical of Maurice’s offers to leave his job on his behalf. Maurice watches, sad but resigned, as Alec leaves, and then goes to work. 

Part 4, Chapter 45 Summary

Maurice impulsively goes to the docks the day Alec’s ship sails. He finds and meets Alec’s brother and parents, who are still waiting for Alec to arrive. As he listens to the Scudders, Mr. Borenius approaches Maurice. Startled, Maurice lets his expression slip revealingly: “And both of them remembered that initial silence of his, and his frightened gaze” (235). Borenius says it’s kind of Maurice to take an interest in Alec’s future; he himself hopes to give Alec a letter of introduction to a priest. Maurice listens nervously, sure that Borenius guesses his feelings, as Borenius laments Alec’s history of sexual escapades with women.


Borenius wanders off to speak to the Scudders, and Maurice hears Mrs. Scudder complaining about Alec. He goes up onto the deck, and as he watches the immigrants separate from those staying behind, he realizes that Alec still isn’t there. Triumphantly, he leaves the docks, stopping only briefly to talk to Borenius, who no longer seems threatening. Maurice takes a train to Penge and goes to the boathouse. Alec doesn’t answer his call, and Maurice fears he was mistaken, but when he goes inside, he finds Alec asleep. Waking, Alec asks him whether he got the telegram he sent that morning asking Maurice to come to the boathouse and tells him that “now [they] shan’t be parted no more, and that’s finished” (240).

Part 4, Chapter 46 Summary

A servant tells Clive, who’s working in his office, that Maurice is waiting outside. Clive invites Maurice in, but Maurice declines; Clive assumes his hurry involves his “engagement” and urges him to seek Anne’s advice, at which point Maurice says that he’s in love with Clive’s gamekeeper. Shocked, Clive says he’d hoped Maurice had left “the land through the looking-glass […] behind” (243). Maurice plainly states that he and Alec have had sex, and that Alec is remaining in England for his sake. Clive is scandalized but still hopes to change Maurice’s mind; however, Maurice says he has no right to know or say more, having sacrificed their own relationship.


Undeterred, Clive invites Maurice to dinner the following week; Maurice responds laughingly and turns to leave. Clive interprets this as acceptance, though in fact it’s the final time he ever sees him: “But at the time [Clive] was merely offended at a discourtesy, and compared it with similar lapses in the past […] He waited for a little in the alley, then returned to the house to correct his proofs and to devise some method of concealing the truth from Anne” (246).

Part 4, Chapters 38-46 Analysis

After Maurice and Alec’s first night together, class takes on new prominence. Alec is emigrating for economic reasons, and his suspicion of Maurice stems from his belief that Maurice regards him as an inferior: “Miss my boat, are you daft? Of all the bloody rubbish I ever heard. Ordering me about again, eh, you would” (231). These concerns are justified, since Maurice spends much of Part 4 agonizing over having slept with a servant. Not only does he interpret Alec’s actions through the lens of class (and therefore assume he must have ulterior financial motives), but he accepts that class boundaries are and should be absolute: “Of course he shouldn’t answer [Alec’s telegram], nor could there be any question now of giving Scudder a present. He had gone outside his class, and it served him right” (207).


Because of its visibility and importance in turn-of-the-century England, class therefore comes to represent the various societal forces that inhibit personal growth and happiness. It’s not simply that Maurice and Alec fear a cross-class relationship, but rather that until they overcome that fear, they’re not capable of a full relationship, which requires vulnerability—i.e. acceptance of risk. Although moved by Alec’s second letter, Maurice only fully realizes this while dealing with his “middle-middle class” clients (218), whose desire for safety and stability makes them selfish, cowardly, and unimaginative: “He saw from their faces […] that they had never known real joy. Society had catered for them too completely” (218). Maurice and Alec’s relationship therefore functions similarly to Maurice’s sexual orientation more generally; it spurs them to transcend the limitations society normally places on human potential.


Maurice does not suggest that love between men (or perhaps any kind of love) can “save” society in the same way that Maurice’s sexuality, in Forster’s words, “saves” him (251). The class system remains fully intact as the novel ends; Maurice and Alec have simply opted out of it in favor of “the greenwood”—a largely imaginary space not bounded by societal rules. Nevertheless, Maurice and Alec’s relationship is revolutionary in its own right, especially as an alternative to the kind of gay love Clive represents. The obvious difference is that Maurice and Alec’s relationship is sexual, but this reflects an even more fundamental distinction—namely, that Clive and what he represents “belong to the past” (245), whereas Alec and Maurice represent life and the future. Here, for example, is how the novel describes the moment Alec’s ship leaves without him: “[The steamer] was heroic, she was carrying away death. […] He had brought out the man in Alec, and now it was Alec’s turn to bring out the hero in him” (238-39).


The novel thus frames love between men as a creative force precisely because it exists outside societal norms, and consequently requires constant invention and self-invention. It therefore counters the idea, which Clive’s Hellenism embodies, that being gay is inevitably sterile. The final confrontation between Clive and Maurice underscores this point. Clive, though married, is (at least for the moment) childless, and appears “amid darkness and perishing flowers” (244), while Maurice asserts the importance of living “flesh and blood” over cold “thoughts and ideas” before leaving to begin a new life (243).

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