52 pages • 1-hour read
Paul AusterA modern alternative to SparkNotes and CliffsNotes, SuperSummary offers high-quality Study Guides with detailed chapter summaries and analysis of major themes, characters, and more.
Content Warning: This section of the guide features depictions of death, emotional abuse, gender discrimination, sexual violence, graphic violence, mental illness, substance use, racism, self-harm, and illness.
During his job interview, Fogg meets the 86-year-old Thomas Effing, his new employer. Effing is unable to see and wears eyepatches over both eyes, and he also uses a wheelchair.
During the interview process, Fogg is received by Rita Hume, Effing’s longtime housekeeper and nurse. Hume leads him to the living room and warns him about Effing’s “strange” manner, which she explains is caused by grief over the loss of his last companion. Effing proves to be a cantankerous fellow who is fond of deception. He tests Fogg’s vision and descriptive ability by asking Fogg to describe him. Fogg expresses skepticism that Effing really is visually impaired, citing the redundancy of his eyepatches. Effing then asks Fogg if he can endure speaking for hours without pausing, since his work will involve reading to Effing on most afternoons. Fogg believes that he can. Effing warns Fogg to be afraid of him because he possesses other abilities, like telekinesis. When Fogg replies that his own powers are ordinary to any human being, Effing challenges him to identify himself as either a rabble-rouser or a victim. Fogg indulges Effing’s other questions affirmatively, prompting Effing to hire him.
Fogg moves out of Zimmer’s apartment, and the narration reveals that the two friends will only reunite over a decade later, when Zimmer has become a father and a French film scholar. Hume orients Fogg as he settles into Effing’s apartment, explaining that her responsibilities are focused around Effing’s physical health, while Fogg must attend to the man’s spiritual health. Hume privately reports that Effing was pleased with Fogg’s voice, which felt familiar to him.
Fogg’s first days with Effing are challenging as Effing tests him in various ways. Over several days, he switches out his eyepatches for prescription glasses or a blindfold. Fogg resists the temptation to call him out, though he finds himself irritated by Effing’s behavior. Kitty encourages him to keep the job. Effing assigns Fogg to read him books on travel and historical expeditions, and he rejects any of Fogg’s attempts to influence his reading material. When Effing proves his encyclopedic knowledge of each book’s whereabouts in his library, he reminds Fogg never to take things for granted.
Effing is so devoted to maintaining his daily schedule that he frequently cuts Fogg off mid-sentence in order to take his next meal. Effing is an especially messy eater, which Fogg believes is another test to provoke his repulsion. Fogg comes to admire and depend on Hume for her patience with Effing, whom she manages as if she were the mother to a small child. This dynamic is compounded by the fact that Hume has very little in the way of a personal life outside of her work with Effing; she has long been a widow, and her children are adults who live elsewhere. The only exception is her brother Charlie, a veteran bomber pilot who lives at the VA Hospital.
Effing surprises Fogg with occasional displays of kindness. On one occasion, Fogg tells Hume and Effing about his mother’s death, which prompts Effing to share that his last companion, a man named Pavel Shum, died under similar circumstances. Effing speaks warmly about Pavel, whom he had lived for nearly 40 years and thought of as his only true friend.
The first time Fogg takes Effing out on a walk, it is too cold for Fogg’s leather jacket to suffice, so Effing gives him Pavel’s coat to wear as well. Effing makes Fogg describe the surroundings, urging him to use his vivid language to paint a picture of the environment. Though Fogg is initially humiliated by Effing’s admonition, he learns to sharpen his language not just for his employer’s sake, but for his own, treating the exercise as a form of mental and spiritual training. After several weeks, Fogg learns how to articulate the world in terms that Effing can appreciate.
On their walks, Fogg and Effing bump into people who recognize the elderly man. These encounters reveal Effing’s gentlemanly traits. Several months into his employment, Fogg asks Effing why he chooses to live in New York rather than the countryside, given how much he enjoys the outdoors. Effing replies that he has already lived in the “middle of nowhere” (126) and doesn’t need to do it again.
In December, Effing instructs Fogg to start reading the newspaper to him, and each session usually ends with the obituaries section. After two weeks, Effing indicates that he was getting Fogg used to the language of obituaries so that they could start working on a major project together: Effing’s own obituary. Effing predicts that he does not have much time left to live, and he expresses confidence that the press will publish his obituary because they had done so 52 years ago: the last time he was declared dead. Back then, Effing was known as a painter named Julian Barber, though Fogg has never heard of Barber before.
Effing admits that he used to tell people fake stories about his life to impress them, and he did this so often that he can no longer remember who knew which story about his life. Fogg wonders why Effing is willing to tell him the truth now when he couldn’t even tell it to Shum. Effing answers that he has no one else to listen to him anymore.
The next morning, Effing begins by launching into an anecdote about a man he knew named Ralph Albert Blakelock, who had traveled west and gone to live in an Indigenous community. Blakelock was a prolific artist who painted on everything he could find. When he tried to pass off hand-painted money at the bank, he was made to enter a psychiatric hospital, where he continued to paint. During this time, his work started to sell, culminating in the sale of a piece called Moonlight, which fetched a record sale price for a work by a living artist in the United States. Even then, Blakelock and his family lived in poverty. Effing speaks admiringly about his frantic painting technique. When Fogg confesses that he has also never heard of Blakelock, Effing orders him to travel to the Brooklyn Museum with his eyes closed, keeping himself in a state of total silence and thoughtlessness. There, Effing says, Fogg will find Moonlight, which he must study for no less than one hour.
Fogg follows Effing’s instructions, taking care to block out the temptation to listen to other conversations along the way. He gradually realizes that Effing wanted him to sharpen his craving for vision before seeing the painting. At first, Fogg is underwhelmed by Moonlight’s small size, but he comes to appreciate its depiction of a serene Indigenous campsite illuminated by an uncannily bright moon. Looking at the date on the painting, Fogg theorizes that Blakelock was mourning the plight of the Indigenous communities. Later that afternoon, Fogg does research on Blakelock and verifies Effing’s story.
Effing formally begins his recollections with his admiration for the Serbian American futurist, Nikola Tesla. While Effing was in his teens, he learned that Tesla planned to build the Wardenclyffe Tower in his town of Shoreham. The moment that Effing and Tesla exchanged glances, Effing felt that Tesla looked through him as if he were nothing. He describes this as his first experience of mortality, which changed him forever and made him resolve to become a painter against his father’s wishes. When his father died, Effing inherited his Wall Street fortune and managed to support his artistic career, which specialized in the depiction of space. He bookends the anecdote on Tesla with a story about their final encounter, in which Effing mocked Tesla by giving him money while the latter was in poverty.
Effing then talks about a fellow painter and friend named Thomas Moran, who in 1916 convinced Effing to go on a journey to paint scenes from the American West. Effing, who was then 33, felt that the trip would give him distance from Elizabeth Wheeler—his wealthy wife, whom he despised. Effing invited an aspiring topographer named Edward Byrne to join his party. The night before Effing left, Elizabeth offered to have sex with him, and he accepted.
Effing enlisted the help of a man named Jack Scoresby to serve as his and Byrne’s guide in Utah. Though Effing did not trust Scoresby, he did not want to wait any longer to begin the expedition. Right before they set off, Byrne told Effing that all land measurements were based on their relative position to heavenly bodies, including the moon. This fact fascinated Effing, who concluded that astronomy was the first principle of topography and that no one could ever figure out where they were without looking to the sky first.
Over several weeks of travel, tensions grew between the two voyagers and their guide. On their way to the town of Bluff, Scoresby suggested a dangerous shortcut that would cut their week-long route down by two days. However, Byrne fell off a cliff on this path and was severely injured. Scoresby suggested euthanizing Byrne, while Effing insisted on keeping him alive. Eventually, Scoresby decided to leave both men behind. Though Effing hoped that Scoresby would send back help to retrieve them, he later realized that Scoresby simply rode away and never spoke of them again. Byrne died four days later, forcing Effing to find his way back to society alone. Effing admits that when he buried Byrne, he screamed and cursed at God.
Effing pauses his story for the day. Over the next month, he gradually discusses the details of his life story. At some point, he allows Fogg to use Shum’s typewriter to transcribe his story, as the use of pen and paper is too slow to match Effing’s pace.
Out in the wild, young Effing felt his identity as Julian Barber die. After four days of wandering, he stumbled upon a cave that was filled with furniture and supplies. A dead man lay on a bed with a gunshot wound in his head. Effing supposed that the man was a hermit and that the killer would be unlikely to return to the cave; this gave Effing the opportunity to take the hermit’s place. Effing stayed in the cave for several months, living off the hermit’s supplies and accessing a nearby oasis for water. In his isolation, he experienced loneliness and hallucinations, and he resolved that he would only stay in the cave for as long as it took for Julian Barber to be declared dead, so that he could then go on to assume a new identity. During this time, he resumed painting, describing the interlude as his life’s happiest period despite his limited resources and lack of an audience for his art. When he ran out of canvas space, Effing began painting on the furniture and cave walls. Over the winter, he learned to find peace in solitude.
In March, an Indigenous man named George Ugly Mouth visited Effing in the cave, mistaking him for the hermit, whose name had been Tom. Effing played along, acting as Tom, and became friends with George. This was how Effing learned that Tom had been involved with a criminal gang called the Gresham brothers, whom he supposed were Tom’s killers. Realizing that they were likely to visit the cave again in the near future, Effing focused on fortifying his position to anticipate the Gresham brothers’ arrival. When they finally came to the cave, Effing surprised them while they were asleep. He quickly killed the first two Gresham brothers before getting into a struggle with the third and final brother, whom he also managed to kill. The following morning, he discovered that the Greshams had brought along over $20,000 in cash, among other valuables. This windfall became the foundation of Effing’s new fortune. He soon left the cave behind, seeing it as a tomb and a memorial for his past self.
As Fogg listens to Effing, he finds himself resonating with the man’s story. Effing states that he traveled from the town of Bluff to California, where he reinvented himself as Thomas Effing, borrowing his first name from his painter friend, Thomas Moran. After establishing his new wealth, Effing began to settle in San Francisco, but when he encountered someone from his past life as Julian Barber, he withdrew from Californian society and sought comfort in the opium dens, brothels, and gambling parlors of Chinatown. One night, Effing was attacked on the street. Sliding down one of the city’s hill streets, he hit a lamppost. Though he survived, Effing was paralyzed from the waist down, and he believed that this disability was the price he had to pay for faking his own death. Nine months later, Effing left the United States using a fake passport and arrived in France.
At this juncture, Fogg loses interest in Effing’s story, as the parts Effing had already told have covered the major facts of his life. The story also becomes too fantastical for Fogg to accept as true. One day, Effing abruptly halts the telling of his life story, ending with his activities in 1939 and glossing over the remaining 30 years by labeling it as the time he spent in New York. Fogg is confused by this abrupt shift.
Fogg spends the next weeks compiling Effing’s stories into a short version for the newspaper obituaries and a long version intended for magazines. An edited, unabridged version of the transcript is intended to serve as Effing’s autobiography. Effing then shows Fogg three books by a historian named Solomon Barber, and Fogg quickly deduces that Solomon is the son to whom Elizabeth gave birth after Effing set out on his journey. Effing confirms this, revealing that in 1947, Shum had brought Solomon’s work to his attention, not realizing the connection between them. Effing then sent Shum to interview Solomon under the pretense of offering him a research grant. After Shum provided Solomon’s biographical details, Effing withdrew the offer, as he had only been interested in learning about his son’s life.
Now, Effing explains his intention to bequeath the bulk of his estate to Solomon, whom he describes as a failure. After Effing dies, Fogg must give Solomon his autobiography as well. When Fogg wonders why Effing doesn’t just reach out to Solomon while he is still alive, Effing predicts that he has exactly two months left to live. As Effing and Fogg resume their old routine, Fogg observes that Effing’s spirit is fading away. On the morning of April Fool’s Day, Effing abruptly announces that he has worked out a plan. Much to Hume’s chagrin, Effing and Fogg go to the bank and withdraw $20,000 in cash. Effing confides that he plans to give away the money he got from the Gresham brothers to anonymous strangers, now that he no longer needs it.
Over the next few evenings, Effing and Fogg travel around New York, looking for people whom Fogg believes would need the money. Effing refuses the use of a car, especially when Fogg suggests that he could get sick in the cold. People have mixed responses to their efforts, and Fogg is astonished that no one ever tries to rob them. One night, Fogg tries to persuade Effing to stay inside when it rains. When Effing accuses him of making the argument as a ploy to steal the money, Fogg threatens to quit on the spot. Effing apologizes for his rudeness with deep contrition.
On another night, Effing and Fogg find a kindred spirit in a Black man named Orlando, who is carrying around a broken umbrella as a joke. Before parting ways, Orlando gives them his broken umbrella in case the weather gets bad. The next night, Effing insists on going out in spite of the bad weather, bringing Orlando’s umbrella along on purpose. Effing gets wet when it rains, though he insists he doesn’t feel anything. Fogg understands that Effing is deliberately trying to get himself sick in order to expedite his death. Though Fogg indulges Effing’s whimsy in the moment, he later feels guilty about allowing Effing to do this. He rationalizes that he acted as he did to earn Effing’s respect.
Effing gets pneumonia and chooses to stay bedridden at home, waiting to die. Hume and Fogg do the work of settling Effing’s affairs in anticipation of his death. Fogg also spends plenty of time with Effing, who treats him like a son. Effing calls Fogg a “dreamer” whose mind will never leave the moon, and he worries about what will become of Fogg after he dies. Fogg lies, claiming that he has been accepted to undergo library studies on scholarship. Fogg continues to talk to Effing, comforting him as his health declines. On the eve of the night that Effing predicted he would die, Hume suggests that Fogg take a break. He goes on a date with Kitty, and when he returns to Effing’s apartment after midnight, he discovers that Effing has died.
Fogg tries to reach out to Solomon to share the news but fails to reach him, as Solomon is on a research trip in the United Kingdom. Honoring Effing’s wishes, Fogg sends Solomon the edited autobiography. Afterwards, Fogg, Hume, Kitty, and Hume’s brother, Charlie, board the Staten Island ferry to scatter Effing’s ashes in the water. Charlie tells Fogg that he listens to the radio for coded messages about hydrogen bombs being detonated under New York City; he wants to figure out how to protect everyone from the explosions. Charlie also talks about his experiences in World War II, saying that he refused to go on the mission to destroy Nagasaki with the atomic bomb. He uses this story to conclude that Americans haven’t changed since the plight of Indigenous communities.
Hume stays on in Effing’s apartment to oversee the settlement of his estate. She thanks Fogg for his kindness, then gives him a bag that Effing entrusted to her. The bag contains over $7,000.
Fogg’s relationship with Thomas Effing proves to be one of the most important aspects of his journey, for Effing provides Fogg with a new model for his life. At this point, Fogg thinks of his own life as a “manuscript” or a story-in-progress, but as Effing relates his own experiences, he stresses the idea that his own story arc is already complete and just needs to be recorded for posterity’s sake. From the onset, Fogg senses that some aspects of Effing’s story are too fanciful to be true, and the only way he can reconcile his doubts is to focus on the emotional truths that he gleans from Effing’s tales, disregarding the question of whether certain events actually happened. As he explains, “After a while, I stopped wondering whether he was telling me the truth or not. His narrative had taken on a phantasmagoric quality by then, and there were times when he did not seem to be remembering the outward facts of his life so much as inventing a parable to explain its inner meanings” (183). This reflection proves that Fogg focuses primarily on truths that resonate directly with his own experience, such as Effing’s experience in the desert and cave, which hold a philosophical resonance with Fogg’s experiences in Central Park. These narratives affirm his fixation on The Search for Harmony in a Chaotic World, because Fogg sees them as confirmation of what he knows and what he has felt, their the literal truth becoming immaterial.
Effing’s storytelling culminates in the revelation that Effing once faked his own death, and his story speaks to Fogg’s own preoccupation with Bargaining with Reality to Reinvent the Self. As evidenced by Fogg’s earlier misadventures in Central Park and his subsequent philosophical pivot, he is trying to renegotiate his identity but is struggling to incorporate life’s many limiting factors. By relating this turning point in his past, Effing suggests that it is wholly possible to reject the material facts of one’s life in favor of a freshly reimagined identity. In the context of Effing’s past experiences, this decision escalated his earlier decision to become an artist in defiance of his father’s wishes. As Effing’s story proves, his younger self literally defied the destiny that had been carved out by the circumstances of his birth, and he found his own way into new wealth, even if that wealth is earned by serendipity rather than through real effort or grit.
Despite his good fortune, Effing relates a complex story that also highlights his character flaws, which he retains unto death. Effing initially presents himself to Fogg as a cantankerous old man who does not hesitate to insult even his longtime employee, Hume. Though Fogg eventually earns the man’s confidence and trust, he is not exempt from Effing’s rudeness, as when Effing accuses Fogg of planning to steal his money. This show of paranoia underscores a social failing in Effing, as he has habitually prized his individual desires over the lives of others. This same pattern is evident in his decision to inform his son, Solomon, about the truth of his second life after the supposed death of his previous identity as Julian Barber, and Fogg sees this decision as cowardly in the extreme. In this light, Effing’s insistence of his forthcoming death becomes a smokescreen for his cowardice, and for his failure to take accountability for the son he abandoned when he chose to reinvent himself. In turn, the novel frames Fogg as Effing’s adoptive son, someone he dotes on in the days before his death.
As his life draws to a close, Effing’s sudden displays of sentimentality prevent Fogg from understanding his own complicity in Effing’s flawed lifestyle. For example, Fogg admits that he wants to impress Effing, but he does not realize that in the deepest recesses of his heart, Effing wants to obliterate himself; this destructive desire can be seen in Effing’s reckless decision to part ways with his money and engage in risky behavior to make himself sick. By engaging in this act of indirect self-harm, Effing completely detaches himself from his material reality, and this decision conflicts with Fogg’s retrospective conscience and good sense. Only Hume, who is in charge of Effing’s well-being, has the wherewithal to criticize the recklessness of his ways. The fact that she is the one to also take responsibility over the settlement of Effing’s estate in the wake of his death suggests that she shoulders all the responsibility that Effing deliberately avoided.



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