Consider Bacon’s four “idols,” introduced in Aphorism 39—the tribe, the den, the market, and the theater. Why has Bacon chosen these titles for them? How do these words, alongside the word idol, shape the tone and meaning of his points?

What techniques does Bacon use to make Novum Organum persuasive? You might consider his use of supporting examples, poetic language, and religion.

How does Bacon use formatting and structure to enhance his ideas and themes? Consider the use of aphorisms, the division of the text into a preface and two books, and Novum Organum’s intended place in a wider canon.

How do the ideas in Novum Organum compare to current ideas about epistemology? Consider Bacon’s presentation of knowledge and power, including their connection and their value.

Bacon argues against the use of logic and deductive reasoning, but in what ways does he use logic or deduction within the text to support his arguments? Consider the differences between a modern understanding of logic and Bacon’s definitions of the words.

How does Novum Organum resemble modern science, and where does it differ? Consider Bacon’s overall approach and his examination of specific topics—for example, his investigation of heat in Book 2.

What is the significance of religion, specifically Christianity, in Novum Organum? How does Bacon present it in relation to his main themes?

Bacon’s main occupation was as a statesman and politician. How might this have influenced Novum Organum? Thematically, you might consider his presentation of civic affairs, the utilitarian elements of his ideas, and his presentation of himself within the text. You may also consider the literary devices he uses: his tone and style of writing.