66 pages 2-hour read

Oil and Marble: A Novel of Leonardo and Michelangelo

Fiction | Novel | Adult | Published in 2016

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Part 4Chapter Summaries & Analyses

Part 4, Chapter 16 Summary: “Michelangelo, Winter, Florence”

During the months that Michelangelo spends alone in his shed, working on his David, his beard and hair grow “long and unruly” (137). The Operai, guild leaders, and artists visit to inspect the statue’s progress. Granacci accompanies them. Michelangelo is reluctant to show them what he has done, even though they have the power to fire him from the project. Eventually, Michelangelo unlocks the door and allows them inside. He’s surprised to see Leonardo with them. Leonardo is still wounded but allows people to believe that he sustained the wounds while fighting off Cesare Borgia’s men with “a handful of stones” (139), like the biblical David. Michelangelo shows off his work. The archbishop is concerned about the progress, but Botticelli defends the statue’s “miraculous” potential. Due to the artist’s approval, Vitelli pays Michelangelo 400 gold florins. Thrilled, Michelangelo thinks of how the money will change his life.


That night, Michelangelo visits his family. When he pours the coins on the table, the family is ecstatic. Even his father celebrates, until Giovansimone espouses surprise that so much money could be made by “cutting open dead people” (142). He has been following Michelangelo, he reveals, and knows the truth. The revelation curtails the family’s delight. Michelangelo defends dissection as “honest work,” but his father throws him out. Michelangelo pleads with his family to forgive him, but they reject him. He returns to his workshop and slumps down beside the unfinished statue.

Part 4, Chapter 17 Summary: “Leonardo”

While Leonardo is sketching the San Lorenzo Cathedral, Salaì brings a message, fixed with the papal army’s seal. Rather than arresting Leonardo for attacking the soldiers, Cesare Borgia wishes to hire him as a military engineer. Salaì worries about betraying Florence to work for Borgia, but Leonardo thinks about the “wonderful opportunity.” Leonardo meets with Machiavelli, Florence’s youngest diplomat, to present a counteroffer that Florence hire Leonardo as a military engineer. Machiavelli inspects Borgia’s letter and agrees to arrange a meeting with the city council regarding the offer. Together, Machiavelli and Leonardo prepare a presentation for the council. During the presentation, however, Machiavelli seems to have a greater understanding of recent events than Leonardo. Ignoring this setback, Leonardo explains the weakness of Florence’s defense in “stark detail.” He describes his plans to improve the defenses with his many inventions, including flying machines, and asks for unlimited funds as a negotiation tactic.


The council, however, seems more interested in paying Borgia to bring about peace. Machiavelli surprises Leonardo by agreeing that “protection money is our best answer” (152). They agree to pay Borgia 30,000 florins every year, rejecting Leonardo’s plans. Leonardo realizes that Machiavelli manipulated him “to further his own agenda” (153). Leonardo leaves, criticizing Machiavelli as a liar and a hypocrite. Leonardo begins to feel as though all of Florence hates him, except the woman named Lisa. When he returns home, he finds the notary at his door with bad news: The friars are cancelling his contract due to the lack of progress. Inside his apartment, Leonardo finds a letter from Lisa’s husband, offering to hire him to paint a portrait of Lisa, whose full name is Madonna Lisa Gherardini del Giocondo. Instead, Leonardo accepts Borgia’s offer to become his military engineer.

Part 4, Chapter 18 Summary: “Michelangelo, Spring, Florence”

Michelangelo is shocked when Granacci tells him that Borgia hired Leonardo. Michelangelo is still reeling from being thrown out of his family home and still waiting for his marble to speak to him. He’s too much of a patriot to understand how Leonardo could betray his hometown. He swears to create so magnificent a statue that “the whole world will forget the traitorous name of Leonardo da Vinci” (159). As he watches the traditional Easter firework display, Michelangelo is struck by inspiration. He runs to his cathedral and locks himself inside. Finally, the marble speaks to him, and he knows exactly what to carve. Whereas other artists depicted David in the moments after his victory over Goliath, Michelangelo will show David in the time before his fight, standing alone, facing forward with his sling and stone. In addition, the statue will be nude as a tribute to God’s “most perfect creation” (161). Michelangelo begins to carve.

Part 4, Chapter 19 Summary: “Leonardo, November, Cesena”

Leonardo has worked for Borgia for nine months, but his latest invention, an armored vehicle, struggles to work on the battlefield. Leonardo finds himself alone amid the violence, privately thankful that his machine failed rather than killed dozens of people. Borgia’s army is slaughtering the city of Cesena, and Leonardo tries to find a safe place amid the chaos, praying to his “angel,” Lisa, to save him. Fearing that he’ll die, Leonardo flees the battle and returns to the camp. When he wakes up, the battle is over. He finds Machiavelli cooking a meal beside him. The young diplomat, however, seems thin and pale. War has chastened him; he failed to convince Borgia to sign a peace deal with Florence despite the vast sums the Florentines paid Borgia’s army. Leonardo doesn’t trust Machiavelli, even though the diplomat assures Leonardo that he wishes to help a fellow Florentine. The Florentine council rebuked Machiavelli, he reveals. Leonardo worries that Florence talks only of his betrayal, but Machiavelli reveals that everyone in the city is instead obsessed with Michelangelo’s statue. They discuss Borgia: Leonardo deplores Borgia’s violence, but Machiavelli is more pragmatic, admiring the tyrannical use of violence to instill fear in people. Machiavelli doesn’t care about the moral complications of this and considers Borgia a “genius” (170). After the conversation, Leonardo worries that he has allowed Michelangelo, his rival as the era’s foremost artist, to defeat him. Machiavelli reminds Leonardo that “a true master uses his enemy’s strengths against him” (171).

Part 4, Chapter 20 Summary: “Michelangelo, December, Florence”

An anonymous letter summons Michelangelo to the top of the bell tower in the Palazzo della Signoria, the civic center of Florence. Michelangelo climbs the tower, feeling good about the meeting. He’s pleased that the people of Florence have warmed to him as he carves David, though his family still refuses to speak to him. He learns from Buonarroto that Giovansimone, at a game of cards, lost the 400 florins Michelangelo gave the family. Michelangelo won’t be allowed back home, Lodovico declares, until he renounces his art. At the top of the tower, Michelangelo finds Piero Soderini, now elected as lifetime leader of the city’s government. Soderini talks about Florence’s history; Michelangelo wasn’t in the city for many of these historical moments. Soderini wants to inspire the people of Florence to fight for the city. The conversation, which Soderini asks that he keep private, confuses Michelangelo. Soderini leaves, and Michelangelo, though confused, suspects that the pressure to finish his statue has “intensified.”

Part 4 Analysis

In Parts 1 and 2, Michelangelo and Leonardo returned to Florence. They both have an emotional attachment to the city, considering themselves fundamentally Florentine even if (in Leonardo’s case) they have a troubled relationship with the city. In Part 4, however, the artists diverge in their relationship to the city, thus emphasizing the theme of Patriotism, Family, and Duty. They’re presented with different opportunities and either ratify their civic identity or threaten it. For Michelangelo, the creation of the David becomes far more than an individual endeavor. Per Soderini’s suggestion, he realizes that he’s creating a new kind of civic identity for Florence. Though not a soldier or politician, Michelangelo is contributing to his hometown by creating a narrative of Florentine identity to unite a population that has become dispirited. Michelangelo can help Florence and embraces the opportunity to do so. In contrast, Leonardo makes a deal with Florence’s foremost enemy. Throughout the novel, Cesare Borgia is less an antagonist to the main characters than a looming, perpetual threat to Florentine identity. His army explicitly threatens Florence, but his violence and corruption are a more symbolic threat to the artistic nature of the Republic of Florence. By accepting Borgia’s patronage, Leonardo betrays his city. He uses his genius to bolster the forces of the city’s great enemy, taking the cynical view that patriotism and civic duty are absurd. While Michelangelo accepts his duty to the city and makes himself a Florentine icon, Leonardo makes the opposite decision and threatens to destroy his credibility as a prominent son of the city.


Starting from the moment when Michelangelo is awarded the commission for the Duccio Stone, anxiety plagues him. He has a civic duty to create something wonderful, but he also has a duty to himself as an artist and to the stone itself. As such, the novel depicts him as trapped by a constant fear that he may not reach the heights he demands of himself. The statue must be perfect, and Michelangelo is tortured that he might choose the wrong idea or execute it in the wrong manner. This torture continues for months, right up until sudden inspiration strikes. The novel painstakingly points out that this sudden inspiration isn’t a romantic, instantaneous “eureka” moment. Michelangelo can’t enjoy such a cliché. Instead, the inspiration is a product of the torture. No eureka moment can occur without months of worry and anxiety beforehand. In this sense, the novel deromanticizes the artistic process in the same way that Michelangelo is learning that his dream of being an artist isn’t the romantic venture he envisioned. Creation is tough, and art is a demanding master, Michelangelo learns, so the novel’s lengthy depiction of his anxiety demonstrates the price of artistic achievement.


Throughout, the novel depicts Florence as the epicenter of an artistic movement. Great artists are not just drawn to the city; something about Florence produces artists. To prove this, the novel not only focuses on Leonardo and Michelangelo but also includes other artists from the era to convey the sense of a shared artistic scene that is a platform for creation. For example, artists such as Botticelli, Perugino, Della Robbia, and Ghirlandaio attend the competition for the Duccio Stone. They offer their expertise and perspective, having helped establish Florence as the center of the artistic world during this era. In this way, Leonardo and Michelangelo are not unique; both benefit from the feedback and the criticism of their peers. In a much less intense way, the rivalries that emerge organically from this artistic scene propel the individuals to greater heights. Even someone like Niccolo Machiavelli, whom the book explicitly portrays as a non-artist, benefits from these surroundings. The novel presents Machiavelli as elevating the art of diplomacy just as Michelangelo is attempting to do with sculpture. Thus, the novel establishes Florence as the cradle of artistic achievement in a way that makes Leonardo’s betrayal of the city all the more condemnable.

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