Old School

Gordon Korman

53 pages 1-hour read

Gordon Korman

Old School

Fiction | Novel | Middle Grade | Published in 2025

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Chapters 23-30Chapter Summaries & Analyses

Content Warning: This section of the guide includes discussion of bullying, illness, and death.

Chapter 23 Summary: “Jackson Sharpe”

At lunch, Jackson notices that the cafeteria now sells hot tea, which he credits to Dexter’s influence. Ronny drinks tea and suggests that it would help Jackson’s soccer or math performance, mentioning that Dexter tutors him in math. Jackson sees the cafeteria trash full of used teacups and recalls a recent soccer game where the mellow, tea-drinking crowd dampened the energy. He is frustrated by the growing “Justice for Dexter” movement. When he argues with Sophie about the suspension, she wears large sunglasses borrowed from Edna, a resident of The Pines. Jackson is annoyed that students are visiting The Pines and adopting the residents’ old-fashioned habits. After school, students on the roof toilet-paper the crowd waiting for buses while chanting for Dexter and justice. Petitions to unsuspend Dexter circulate through the crowd. Jackson, who has refused to sign, feels peer pressure to maintain his popularity and signs using the fake name “Archibald McDoofenbutz.”

Chapter 24 Summary: “Gianna Greco”

Traci begs Gianna to rejoin the Eyeball, clearly hoping to leverage Gianna’s friendship with Dexter for pro-Dexter coverage. Following advice from her mentor at The Pines, author Phyllis Birdwell, Gianna agrees. She reflects that many students have formed friendships with Pines residents: Sophie with former model Edna Khalily, Alex with athlete Cyril DeSouza, and her brother Ronny with the combative Archie, whose boxing sessions have made Ronny less hostile. Gianna sees Dexter pushing Leo in his wheelchair and working on a secret coding project. When Teagan joins them, Dexter chats openly with her, making Gianna feel excluded. Later, Dexter asks Gianna to help him shop for new clothes at the mall. At the mall, full of Pines residents walking for exercise, Dexter is extremely particular about his wardrobe, saying that he wants to look like kids from New York. Gianna realizes that the makeover is to impress Teagan. When they return to The Pines, Dexter immediately runs to show Teagan his purchases without thanking Gianna. Upset, Gianna vents to Phyllis, who asks if she and Dexter are “going steady,” an old-fashioned term that confuses and annoys Gianna.

Chapter 25 Summary: “Dexter Foreman”

Grandma Adele wakes Dexter to tell him that Leo has had an accident and is in the hospital. At the hospital, Leo is arguing with a doctor, refusing admission because he must finish the code project for Dexter’s school board meeting in three days. Dexter explains their plan: to demonstrate an unbreakable code at the meeting, with Leo as the expert who cannot crack it, proving the quality of Dexter’s Pines education. Dexter reflects that he is no longer certain he wants to be unsuspended, realizing that he’s come to value his friendships with his school peers.


After Adele convinces Leo to stay at the hospital long enough for a thorough examination, they take Leo back to The Pines. Later, Teagan invites Dexter to visit her in New York and attend a school dance after Thanksgiving. Dexter is excited but wary, remembering her previous coldness. For the final test of their project, Dexter and Ronny create a complex code based on rap song lyrics to encrypt messages. Leo works on it for half an hour before admitting defeat. Dexter feels triumphant but sad seeing Leo look old and tired. After Dexter explains the solution, Leo is delighted and tells Dexter that he would have made an excellent Bunker Boy.

Chapter 26 Summary: “Ms. Napier”

Ms. Napier confronts Traci and Gianna about an Eyeball article calling students to action at the school board meeting to support Dexter. She worries that it will distract from the vote on a new school and could incite a riot. Gianna defends the article, stating that Dexter’s case matters to students. In her office, Ms. Napier congratulates Ronny on a B-minus in math. Ronny credits Dexter for tutoring him and reveals that practically the whole school now visits The Pines regularly. Flabbergasted, Ms. Napier realizes that Dexter is not isolated but the center of a thriving social scene. She tells Principal Dinkins, but he’s only concerned about students disrupting the meeting. Frustrated by his narrow focus, Ms. Napier visits The Pines to meet Grandma Adele. Over tea, Adele says that Dexter is conflicted but that she hopes he returns to school because he has become a new person around his peers. Ms. Napier praises Dexter’s character but warns that the zero-tolerance policy is inflexible. When Dexter arrives home, he is startled to see Ms. Napier. She tells him that she admires him regardless of the meeting’s outcome. An ambulance siren sounds, and they see it stop near Leo’s condo. Dexter’s face drains of color as he breathes Leo’s name.

Chapter 27 Summary: “Dexter Foreman”

Dexter runs to Leo’s condo and sees emergency medical technicians carrying Leo out on a stretcher. Leo, weak but determined, tells Dexter that he must go to the meeting and do the demonstration without him. Before being loaded into the ambulance, he assures Dexter that he’s as good as any Bunker Boy. Grandma encourages Dexter to attend the meeting and make Leo proud. Archie drives them to the school, which has a packed parking lot. The meeting has been moved to the gym to accommodate the large crowd. Students greet Dexter with cheers and high-fives. Jackson gives him a strange look when Dexter mentions his special project. Dexter cannot find Teagan, who had agreed to be his demonstration partner. A group of sixth graders led by Allie Westerberg insists on showing Dexter their newly cleaned basement room for a shuffleboard league office. Inside, Dexter spots the words “Welcome to the Bunker” carved into the polished table and realizes that this was the secret WWII headquarters of the Bunker Boys (250). He finds Leo’s initials carved into the table and is overcome with emotion. Back in the gym, Mr. Dunwoody begins the meeting. When Dexter’s name is mentioned, the crowd roars with support. Dexter presents his letter requesting the special project, but Dunwoody declares it a forgery. Devastated but thinking of Leo, Dexter asks to do the demonstration anyway. After the crowd protests his initial refusal loudly, Dunwoody reluctantly agrees. Dexter realizes that Teagan is a no-show, but Gianna calls out from the crowd, offering to be his partner.

Chapter 28 Summary: “Gianna Greco”

Dexter protests that Gianna does not know how to operate the machine, but his grandmother encourages him to accept her help. Dexter gives Gianna a quick tutorial on the GX-4210 coding machine. They successfully demonstrate the code; the decrypted message turns out to be one of Ronny’s humorous T-shirt slogans, which makes the audience laugh, and Ronny proudly claims it. Dexter shares his recent discovery with the board, explaining that the Bunker Boys worked in the school’s basement and that he found their initials carved into a table there. Mr. Dunwoody dismisses this as interesting but irrelevant to the decision about building a new school. Gianna passionately argues that they cannot demolish the school because the bunker is a historically significant site and the town’s contribution to the world. The crowd gives her an ovation. Dunwoody concedes her point, suggesting that the bunker could become a museum within a refurbished school. Gianna argues that all Dexter was trying to do at WEMS was use his unique skills to fix what needed fixing and that his Swiss Army knife is a tool for repair, not a weapon. Dunwoody says that he believes her but that the zero-tolerance policy is absolute. As the crowd protests, armed police officers burst into the gym. An agent announces that the room is on lockdown by order of the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI).

Chapter 29 Summary: “Dexter Foreman”

Special Agent Corrigan explains that the FBI has tracked unbreakable coded messages to the school and suspects a terror cell. Dexter proudly reveals that the messages were his school project, created using WWII coding machines and T-shirt slogans. Impressed that Dexter’s code baffled the FBI, Mr. Dunwoody offers to reinstate him. Ms. Napier intervenes, asking Dexter what he truly wants and giving him the choice. The gym falls silent as everyone waits for his answer. Dexter reflects on how much he has changed and how much he wants to be part of the school community, especially as the shuffleboard league commissioner. He announces that he wants to come back. The students erupt in celebration, tossing papers in the air. Gianna and Ronny hug Dexter as the student body rushes the stage. Gianna secures the coding machines from damage. Students hoist Dexter onto their shoulders and parade him around the gym. Dexter spots Jackson looking miserable and suspects that he forged the letter. The FBI agents leave. On the way home, Dexter is excited to tell Leo about the FBI and the bunker. When they arrive at The Pines, Felix informs them that Leo passed away at 6:53 pm, around the same moment Dexter discovered Leo’s initials in the bunker.

Chapter 30 Summary: “Dexter Foreman”

Dexter attends Leo’s funeral, which celebrates his 99-year life. At Gianna’s urging, Dexter shares how he found the bunker and how their code stumped the FBI, wishing he could have told Leo directly. After the service, Teagan is waiting for them at The Pines. Dexter internally contrasts Teagan’s absence from the funeral and the board meeting with Gianna’s steadfast friendship. When Teagan asks about visiting her in New York for a dance, Dexter declines, realizing that he’s outgrown his feelings for her. On Monday morning, Dexter goes to the bus stop alone, feeling ready for middle school. A brand-new, quiet electric bus arrives instead of the old one. Mr. Milinkovic explains that the old bus is being retired, and Dexter reflects that Leo was right about everything. Students give Dexter a standing ovation. He sits with Gianna, who explains the new buses and other improvements, like astroturfing the soccer field, using money saved by renovating the school instead of building a new one. Dexter sees Jackson at the back of the bus looking unhappy. Gianna compliments Dexter’s new haircut from a professional barber rather than Grandma. Dexter notices a loose screw on a window frame and uses the screwdriver attachment on his Swiss Army knife to tighten it. Mr. Dunwoody had made him remove the blades but allowed him to keep the tool as part of his reinstatement. Dexter embraces his role in helping with the small details during the upcoming school refurbishment.

Chapters 23-30 Analysis

These concluding chapters resolve the narrative’s central conflicts by demonstrating the significant societal impact of intergenerational connection. The theme of Bridging the Generational Divide Through Shared Experience moves from a personal dynamic between Dexter and the residents of The Pines to a school-wide cultural phenomenon. This transformation is illustrated through the perspectives of outsiders like Jackson and Ms. Napier, who observe the tangible effects of this new social ecosystem. Jackson’s annoyance at the popularity of hot tea and his observation of Sophie wearing Edna’s sunglasses are markers of a cultural shift. The school community has begun to absorb the values and customs of the older generation, finding comfort and wisdom in their habits. Ms. Napier’s discovery that much of the student body now visits The Pines confirms that Dexter has not been isolated by his suspension but has instead become the catalyst for a new, blended community. This development reframes the retirement village from a place of sequestration for the elderly into a vibrant social hub, suggesting that meaningful relationships between young and old are not only possible but also mutually enriching.


The discovery of the bunker and the culmination of the codebreaking project serve as the novel’s symbolic and thematic climax, validating the concept of Redefining Education Beyond the Classroom. The bunker physically grounds the narrative in history, transforming the dilapidated school from a disposable building into a site of national importance. This revelation allows Gianna to successfully argue for the school’s preservation. The idea that the school, although currently dysfunctional, is something worth saving applies to more than just the physical building itself. Symbolically, this suggests that the institution of public education is central to American life and that it, too, is worth saving. When Gianna points out Dexter’s role in fixing the middle-school building, the author suggests that an important step in “fixing” public education will be bringing inside the institution the values that people like Dexter represent. His practicality, appreciation for hands-on learning, and old-fashioned, intergenerational skills and values can save both the school’s physical environment and its educational environment.


The code project becomes key evidence for the value of Dexter’s unique, intergenerational, mentor-based education. The FBI’s interest in the code functions as an external validation of the code’s power, which derives from both the knowledge passed from Leo to Dexter and the knowledge passed from Ronny to Dexter: It synthesizes WWII-era expertise and modern youth culture. Leo’s final compliment that Dexter “would have made a heck of a Bunker Boy” is more than personal encouragement (231); it is an accreditation from a master, conferring legitimacy upon Dexter’s unconventional schooling and positioning him as an heir to a heroic intellectual lineage.


Dexter’s emotional development is charted through his changing relationships, particularly with Teagan and Gianna, which explore the nuances of Navigating Individuality in the Face of Peer Pressure. His initial desire to change his wardrobe to impress Teagan reflects a temporary capitulation to conventional social pressures. However, his journey culminates in the recognition of authentic friendship over superficial attraction. Teagan’s failure to appear at the school board meeting stands in stark contrast to Gianna’s unwavering support, highlighting the difference between conditional and unconditional loyalty. Dexter’s ultimate rejection of Teagan’s invitation signifies his maturation; he has outgrown the need for her validation, having found a stronger sense of self through his new community. Gianna’s own arc from ambitious journalist to steadfast friend is equally significant, highlighting a commitment to integrity over social gain.


The narrative structure, which continues to employ multiple perspectives, provides a layered examination of Dexter’s impact and the social dynamics of the school. Jackson’s resentful viewpoint presents an antagonistic perspective that, paradoxically, reinforces Dexter’s positive influence. Dexter’s presence at WEMS disrupts an established social hierarchy that prioritizes the egocentric one-upmanship that Jackson represents. Jackson’s continued unhappiness at the end of the story shows that the changes that Dexter has introduced at the middle school include a more community-oriented perspective that values individual character over competitive accomplishments and conformity. Ms. Napier’s perspective functions as an institutional lens, tracing the adult world’s gradual recognition of Dexter’s character and the legitimacy of the student-led movement. This multi-voiced approach prevents a one-dimensional portrayal of Dexter, instead depicting a complex social realignment. The final sequence at the board meeting intertwines multiple narrative threads—the forged letter, the school’s fate, the FBI raid, and Dexter’s suspension—into a single event. The public decryption of the code, revealing the message “I tried to be normal once. Worst two minutes of my life” (258), serves as a direct thematic statement. It is both the solution to the code and the answer to the novel’s central question about the place of individuality within a community.

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