72 pages • 2-hour read
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Content Warning: This section of the guide includes discussion of death and racism.
Derek travels, as his father’s ghost suggested. He wants to see the imperial world from “across the meridian” (191). In Lisbon, Portugal, he thinks about the way in which colonialism and the slave trade changed the racial composition of Spain and the Caribbean. He thinks about Pope Alexander VI and the 15th-century Treaty of Tordesillas, which split the Americas between Portugal and Spain. Derek reflects on historical divisions and connections. On the docks in Europe, there are bronze statues; the docks of Saint Lucia are bare and unadorned by comparison. On Saint Lucia, very little describes history in the European sense. The old ruins of Europe are nowhere to be found, for example. This is because on Saint Lucia (and in other such places) the past is something to be forgotten. While on a tour of a castle in Portugal, Derek gets a sense of the past near a marked grave. Portugal was granted entry into the imperial colonial race through the Pope’s treaty; now, it is as sleepy and “empty” as Saint Lucia.
Derek arrives in London, England. There, he finds a man named Omeros—a bargeman with a “cragged face” who lives on the streets (193). When Omeros tries to rest on the steps of a church, the warden of the church ushers him away. Omeros gestures at the displayed Bible verses, pointing out the hypocrisy of the Christian warden and his lack of charity. Derek follows Omeros to the embankment alongside the Thames. The undersides of the statues are covered in grime. Derek reads the names of the boats, reflected in the river, and charts the daily existence of a “devalued empire” (195). Statues raise their hands toward the British Parliament as fog seeps into the city, obscuring evidence of the past.
In Glendalough, Ireland, Derek visits the monastery that was once home to St. Kevin. It is silent enough for Derek to listen to the sounds and the echoes of the land, sensing the “old shame of disenfranchisement” and oppression that was inflicted on Ireland by Britain (199). The flight of a sparrow puts Derek in mind of the Troubles in Northern Ireland and the ongoing struggle against the British Empire. He can sense the subjugation and strife of the conflict. In the Irish countryside lit by the moon, Derek sees the history of Ireland in the Round Tower of Glendalough.
In Dublin, Derek stands beside the Liffey River and thinks about James Joyce. Like Derek, Joyce reinterpreted the work of Homer; Joyce’s novel Ulysses examines themes of colonial struggle and identity. While sitting in a pub, Derek hears a song that Maud Plunkett played. The pub fills up with characters from Joyce’s stories; Joyce himself leads them in song.
Derek visits Greece. In his imagination, he can see Odysseus standing on the deck of his ship. He imagines how Odysseus feels as enslaved people below deck row the heavy oars. As Derek blends Odysseus’s story with the stories of enslaved people on other ships, he imagines Odysseus’s long journey home with a crew that is rebellious after being made to fight in someone else’s war. Odysseus yearns for the land, as do the enslaved people, even if the land is not their home.
Derek continues on to Venice, Italy, and Istanbul, Turkey, visiting sites from the literary classics. He has traveled so far that the statues and the histories he uncovers are tiring. He is now more interested in the birds perching on the statues. Derek prefers art to exhausting history, leading him to realize that his father was more interested in the manufactured, decontextualized history found in “mausoleum museums” than in the reality of lived history (205). Art is an example of this more lived version, but Derek recognizes that any power associated with art might mean less to an enslaved person relegated to the periphery of a dying empire.
Derek comments on the ironic way in which ancient Romans enslaved Greek people, using them as tutors to educate Roman children about democracy and beauty. That democracy was founded by a society that also enslaved amuses Derek, showing how hate and idealism can be found in the same place. In the American South, Derek thinks, enslaved people were given names from Roman antiquity, while the architecture of the buildings was derived from classical Greece. The vaunted legal systems of Rome and Greece—which inform American legal ideals—allow for the persecution of enslaved people.
Back in Massachusetts, Derek considers the traumatic and violent treatment of Indigenous peoples. He surveys a world of deforestation, displacement, and diaspora, as evident in the life of Catherine Weldon. The seasons pass as Derek moves through the city of Boston and the town of Concord. Linking these places to the American Revolution, he thinks about the way in which “all colonies inherit their empires sin” (208). American revolutionaries were also oppressors. Derek visits Boston’s famed educational institutions. The privilege of these places is linked to enslavement, and he sees an analogy between the lecterns and the auction blocks of the slave trade. To Derek, both mental and physical cycles imprison people.
In Toronto, Canada, Derek flirts unsuccessfully with a Polish waitress. He interprets her nervousness as that of someone who lacks the right documentation to live somewhere. He senses her displacement but also recognizes that the many famous writers of her homeland inform the voice of her people. She is part of “that pitiless fiction so common now” (211).
After returning to Boston in the fall, Derek sees Catherine Weldon. He travels back with her to 1890, during the bleak winter of the Ghost Dance as the Indigenous people deal with the seizure of their tribal lands. The United States Army moves across the Great Plains, displacing Indigenous people and heralding their defeat and massacre.
During the wintertime in South Dakota, Catherine thinks of her childhood in Boston. She watches the Ghost Dance and senses the dancers’ hope that there will be peace in the future. There will be no peace, so the dance becomes a premonition of violence instead. Much like Achille, Catherine is left behind after an attack. Sioux people are captured, and she is left alone in the camp, empty save for Omeros. She examines the damage done to the camp, mirroring Achille’s examination of the village. Catherine walks through the camp “like a Helen” (216). Omeros describes the power of the Ghost Dance to unite people in unexpected ways. Indigenous people are united by their weariness of the inexhaustible violence of the white Americans. Derek reveals to Catherine that the fight is lost. He watches her grow old and withered in her house; she hates the snow that reminds her of the violence of the past. A white snow covers everything on the plain, eliminating all colors. Derek tries to navigate to the house where his former lover lives, but she has moved. He cannot locate her.
Derek’s journey continues in Part 5 across “[his] meridian” into two world-shaping empires (189). Much of Irish history comprises the colonial violence that Great Britain would later export around the world, eventually reaching Derek’s Saint Lucia. Derek’s visit to Ireland thus traces the colonial violence of his homeland back to the source, but through the accounts of victims rather than perpetrators—reading history in the shirts “stained with poetry and with blood” (200). In a bid to intervene in The Cycle of Suffering, Derek wants to understand how peoples who faced colonialism responded, so as to judge how his own island coped with British colonialism. Traveling to Ireland is also important because 20th-century author James Joyce looms large over Omeros (See: Background). Joyce’s groundbreaking novel Ulysses reimagines Homer’s The Iliad and is thereby an important precedent for Walcott’s work. Ulysses critiques British colonialism through the characters’ dialogue and internal thoughts, particularly highlighting Ireland’s subjugation and cultural suppression under British rule. Joyce uses irony and symbolism to express the psychological and national consequences of colonial domination on Irish identity in the years before Ireland gained independence from the British Empire. Derek feels aligned with Joyce’s literary and ideological ambitions, so much so that he joins an imagined Joyce in song.
In the ancient past, Derek confronts other hypocrisies of empire. Democracy as a political system was developed in ancient Greece, but Derek wonders how its ideal of rule by the people can be compatible with the reality of a state “tiered only on wealth” that permitted slavery and disenfranchised so many people (206). The ancient Roman and Greek civilizations carried the sin that characterized Britain’s later colonial project. By tracing this history, he situates the suffering of his island in a long, tragic context. Like Odysseus tying himself to the mast of his ship and subjecting himself to the sirens’ calls, Derek refuses to ignore the suffering of the past or the literature it produced. He does not relinquish the Homeric form of his poem despite its provenance. This empathy for and defiance of the past feeds Derek’s self-actualization.
In the final chapters of Part 5, Derek considers the legacy of Catherine Weldon. In spite of her activism, Indigenous peoples suffered greatly at the hands of the United States government. Their tragic downfall is symbolized by the Ghost Dance that is “carrying its own death inside it” (213). The Ghost Dance was a spiritual movement practiced in the late 19th century, especially during the 1880s and 1890s. It was introduced by Paiute prophet Wovoka, who claimed that performing the dance would bring about a renewal of Indigenous life, including the return of ancestors, the disappearance of white settlers, and the restoration of traditional lands and buffalo herds. The rite spread widely among Plains tribes, particularly the Lakota Sioux, as a form of hope and resistance during a time of deep suffering due to US expansion and forced assimilation. Fearing an uprising, US authorities attempted to suppress the movement; these efforts culminated in the 1890 Wounded Knee Massacre. Derek considers this a cautionary tale—an example of art and culture failing to heal colonial wounds. He worries that he has “no power to change” history with his writing (217), but he still continues his project. The vision of the Ghost Dance only affirms his desire to describe and heal the post-colonial wounds of his homeland.



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