77 pages 2-hour read

One Hundred Years of Solitude

Fiction | Novel | Adult | Published in 1967

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Chapters 16-20Chapter Summaries & Analyses

Chapter 16 Summary

Rain continues in Macondo for nearly five years. Aureliano Segundo spends time at Fernanda's house and takes care of the children, Amaranta Úrsula and little Aureliano, Meme's son, who makes up stories. Fernanda struggles with uterine pain and consults doctors by mail who seem potentially fraudulent.


Aureliano Segundo visits Petra’s house to check on the animals and finds almost all of them are dead. When he returns to the Buendía house, Fernanda tells him that they are almost out of food and has a day-long outburst of grievances. He asks her to stop, but she does not. He smashes household goods, leaves the house, and returns with some low-quality groceries.


The children play with the ancient Úrsula as though she were a large human doll. They dress her up and paint her face. Aureliano Segundo hires a digging crew to try to finally find the gold buried in the courtyard. He digs under the house and cracks the foundation.


When the rain stops, Macondo is half-abandoned and rotting.

Chapter 17 Summary

Úrsula cleans and restores the Buendía house. She finds José Arcadio Segundo in Melquíades’s workshop.


Petra and Aureliano Segundo continue with their raffle business, which they name Divine Providence Raffles. They acquire more animals to raffle off. They give most of their money to Fernanda and remain in poverty themselves; however, they rediscover their passion for one another and fall madly in love once more.


Fernanda puts Amaranta Úrsula in school but keeps the youngest Aureliano hidden. Úrsula dies, and few people attend the funeral because it is so hot birds are dying. The elderly priest blames the plague of dead birds on a creature he calls by the antisemitic term "wandering Jew." The creature is part-human, with wings that apparently were cut off. The people of Macondo kill it.


Rebeca dies in bed. Fernanda discovers that she has a uterine prolapse, and José Arcadio mails her pessaries—intravaginal medical devices designed to help support her uterus and ease her suffering—from Rome. Aureliano Segundo finds them, thinks they're meant for witchcraft, and tries—unsuccessfully—to solve Fernanda's medical issue by burying a chicken alive.


José Arcadio Segundo befriends little Aureliano and teaches the child how to read and write, as well as telling him about the banana company massacre.


Aureliano Segundo has difficulty breathing and intimates that he is going to die. He scrapes together as much money as he can from the raffles and sends Amaranta Úrsula to Brussels to continue her education.


Aureliano Segundo and José Arcadio Segundo die at the same time. Aureliano Segundo's friends put a wreath on his coffin that reads, "Cease, cows, life is short" (354).

Chapter 18 Summary

After Aureliano Segundo dies, Petra sends a weekly basket of food to Fernanda until Fernanda, too, passes away.


The young Aureliano spends a great deal of time in Melquíades’s former workshop, where Santa Sofía de Piedad brings him food and clothing. The ghost of Melquíades visits him and tells him to visit a specific bookstore in town to buy books that will assist him in deciphering Melquíades’s writings.


Santa Sofía de Piedad tries to manage the household by herself, but she is elderly. Frustrated, she packs her clothes and tells Aureliano that she is going to spend the rest of her life at a cousin's house. Fernanda has no idea how to do any of the household chores, so Aureliano does what he can.


Aureliano tries to work up the courage to ask Fernanda's permission to go to the bookstore. She refuses and starts to keep the house keys on her person at all times. One day, Aureliano sees that she didn’t eat the meal he left out for her the previous day. He finds her dead in bed, wearing the queen's outfit she wore on her very first visit to Macondo.


After Fernanda's death, Aureliano works up the courage to finally visit the bookstore.


José Arcadio arrives home from his religious schooling four months later and moves back in permanently. He dismisses Aureliano as "the bastard" (365) and ignores him. José Arcadio sells what remains in the house and invites children over to play and party. The children bother Aureliano, but they find the three sacks of gold hidden under the spot where Úrsula's bed used to be. With the money, José Arcadio buys fancy food and alcohol. He also has all-night nude parties with the town's teenagers, after which he feels guilty and whips himself.


Aureliano Amador, the last of Colonel Aureliano Buendía's sons, knocks on their door and tries to come inside. Two police officers who are chasing him murder him in the street.


The teenagers who accompanied José Arcadio return to the house, drown him in the bath, and steal the sacks of gold. The young Aureliano does not notice anything happening until he finds the body.

Chapter 19 Summary

Amaranta Úrsula returns to the Buendía house with her Belgian husband, Gaston, whom she leads around on a silk rope. She thoroughly cleans the house and buys canaries in an attempt to repopulate the birds of Macondo. Gaston collects insects, eggs, and butterflies as natural history samples; he rides his bike around town, and he spends time with Aureliano. Gaston tries to create an airmail service to Macondo, but the plane he orders never arrives.


Aureliano explores Macondo and lives off the sale of antiques from the house. He ends up having sex with Amaranta Úrsula, who is his aunt, and visits a sex worker named Nigromanta most nights. He makes friends after getting into an argument about cockroaches with other customers at the bookstore and starts to regularly visit a brothel in Macondo's red-light district.


Gaston thinks that their sojourn in Macondo is temporary and suggests a quick trip to Belgium to figure out the airmail business. Amaranta Úrsula refuses to leave Macondo, even if it means the marriage will end.


Aureliano goes with his bookstore friends to a "zoological brothel" (394), where the elderly proprietress, Pilar, thinks he is Colonel Aureliano Buendía. She is Aureliano's great-great-grandmother. He sobs to her about his obsession with his aunt, Amaranta Úrsula, and she tells him Amaranta is waiting for him.


Aureliano goes home and begins raping Amaranta Úrsula while her husband is in the next room. This situation is presented as becoming quasi-consensual over the course of the encounter, with the two having an ongoing sexual relationship that is a focus of the following chapter.

Chapter 20 Summary

Pilar dies and is buried under the floor of her brothel. The bookstore closes, and its proprietor returns to Catalonia. He sends Aureliano and his friends letters and photos from his travels.


Aureliano's friends leave Macondo. The former banana company becomes a grass field, and the Catholic church is in ruins.


Aureliano and Amaranta Úrsula’s sexual relationship continues, and her husband returns permanently to Brussels. Aureliano and Amaranta Úrsula have passionate sex all over the Buendía house, and Amaranta becomes pregnant. The two of them live in only a few rooms of the house and let the rest decay.


Amaranta Úrsula gives birth with the assistance of the brothel’s owner. The infant has the tail of a pig, fulfilling the great fear of the now deceased Úrsula Iguarán, as it symbolizes incest. After the birth, Amaranta Úrsula dies of blood loss. In his grief, Aureliano takes the infant with him while he goes carousing around town. He yells, drunk, in the town square, where Nigromanta finds him passed out and cleans him up.


When Aureliano awakes, he cannot find his infant son. He eventually finds the infant's corpse in the Buendía house’s courtyard, being eaten by ants. Seeing the body makes him realize that Melquíades’s writing predicted everything about events within the Buendía family. Aureliano decodes the parchments as it starts to become very windy. The wind strengthens as he reads. It tears off doors and uproots the house’s foundation. He realizes that Melquíades predicted that "the city of mirrors (or mirages) would be wiped out by the wind and exiled from the memory of men" (417), just as the fierce wind does precisely that.

Chapters 16-20 Analysis

In these chapters, the length of the rain in Macondo parallels the story of Noah in the Hebrew Bible/Old Testament. The torrential rain wipes away most of the animals and many of the human inhabitants of Macondo, and it makes the town dilapidated. After the massacre, the banana company announces that they will hold a festival for the town once the rain stops, so the length and strength of the storm could be read as a maneuver by the banana company to avoid responsibility, avoid giving the workers the few demands they do get from the strike, and avoid providing a festival for Macondo. The rain ruins the town, in parallel to the activities of banana companies ruining the community fabric and wreaking ecological havoc in parts of Central America and the Caribbean coast of Colombia.


In the heat that prevails after the rain, a plague of birds strikes Macondo. The birds try to save themselves by diving in through the windows of houses, and these movements of the natural world presage the final chapter, in which the wind invades and destroys everything inside the Buendía house.


In addition to the destruction of Macondo by the natural force of rain, Aureliano Segundo destroys the foundation of the Buendías’ house by trying to dig underneath it in his search for the sacks of gold. This event marks a turning point in the family members’ relationship to the home, as their dutiful caretaking ends. The home’s decay is a metaphor for and parallels the decay of the family itself: One by one, they age and die with no hope of a secure future.


These chapters focus significantly on Fernanda. Other characters, such as Santa Sofía de Piedad, receive so little narrative attention that they simply fade into the background.


The Buendías’ family saga draws nearer to an end with the fourth and final generation. Iterations in plot events recur for characters with the same or similar names. The José Arcadio of the fourth generation dies in bed under mysterious circumstances, echoing the death of the José Arcadio of the second generation. (When other characters die, the narrator divulges the exact circumstances to the reader.) Similarly, Amaranta Úrsula of the fourth generation has an incestuous relationship with her nephew, Aureliano, just as Amaranta of the second generation had an incestuous relationship with her nephew, Aureliano José. Ironically, José Arcadio is murdered for the gold that the matriarch, Úrsula, refused to let anyone have, as she was saving it for the people who hid it in the house but never returned for it. Additionally, the fifth-generation Aureliano is as solitary and lonesome as previous Aurelianos, as though sharing a name bestows similar character development.


The passionate incest between Amaranta Úrsula and the fifth-generation Aureliano happens in the face of the decay of the Buendía house, which they no longer keep up or clean because they are too obsessed with each other. The family line ends, and the forces of nature reclaim the last Buendía child when the ants that live underneath the house eat the infant Aureliano, who was born of this incest. The fear that Úrsula Iguarán had at the very beginning of the novel—that a child in their family would be born with a pig's tail—comes true for the last Buendía child. The fulfillment of this fear four generations later implies that the Buendía family has an inescapable fate.


Melquíades’s writings reinforce this theme. Even though Aureliano skips over many of the predictions in Melquíades’s writing in his rush to get to the story about the Buendía family, everything he reads matches up with actual events. The predictions of Melquíades were present in the family home the whole time, in his preserved workshop, although they were written in Sanskrit and hidden in two separate types of code. The overarching theme of fate has implications for Colombia, too, as the devastation from the war and the foreign-owned banana company mirror historical events.

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