51 pages • 1-hour read
Terah Shelton HarrisA modern alternative to SparkNotes and CliffsNotes, SuperSummary offers high-quality Study Guides with detailed chapter summaries and analysis of major themes, characters, and more.
Content Warning: This section of the guide includes discussion of child death, illness, rape, and death by suicide.
Sara is the primary protagonist of the novel. It is her experience as a survivor of rape that drives the relationships, conflicts, and themes in the novel. Her identity has been shaped by her experience as a survivor and her role as a mother. Since she became pregnant as a result of a sexual assault, Sara’s relationship with her daughter, Alana, was initially challenging to her. She struggled to love her daughter, associating Alana’s existence with her trauma. Her solution to this struggle was to focus on protecting Alana from the violence that brought her into the world. Once she shifted her focus from the expectations of traditional motherhood to protection, she allowed herself to deeply love and commit to her daughter. Several times in the novel, Sara says that she doesn’t see any characteristics of herself in her daughter, which causes her significant inner conflict. Most of the novel’s primary conflicts are thus related to Sara’s inner struggle to heal from the trauma of the rape and the challenges it has caused her family.
At the beginning of the novel, Sara is fearful and guarded, always over-prepared and on edge in public situations. She homeschools Alana and has strict rules for interactions in public with strangers to try to keep the Wylers from ever learning that Alana exists. She is initially characterized as overprotective and unwilling to consider a significant change in her life. Her character development begins when she leaves Maine; through discussions with her family, confrontations with her past, and her slow trust and love for Jacob, she transcends her fear and begins to genuinely heal.
She is a poet by profession, which connects her directly to Hosea, her father, who runs a bookstore and only speaks in poetry. Poetry is inherently concerned with emotions, while Alana and Jacob are both more logic-minded, evident in their interest in math and science. The metaphorical connection between Sara and poetry highlights her emotional challenges and strengths. One of her major hurdles in the novel is overcoming her past to allow her to move into a healthy future. Jacob’s picture of her midway through the novel combines her younger self and the woman he sees in front of him:
her short, cropped hair grows and coils into a long, fat braid resting on her left shoulder. In another, her legs and arms sprout, long and lean, and in others, her lips bow and her breasts plump, her skin glows. Another, her youthful, meek eyes transform into bright, full and unassuming ones (144).
As Jacob looks at and gets to know Sara, he reconciles his experience with her as a girl reeling from an assault to a woman who has survived and is almost thriving. Her transformation for Jacob mirrors the development she undergoes throughout the novel, making her a dynamic character. This change culminates in her romantic relationship with Jacob, which gives her the confidence and security to let go of her secrets and face her traumatic past with courage and increased empathy toward herself and others.
Jacob is the secondary protagonist and Sara’s love interest. He is the identical twin brother of Sara’s rapist, but unlike his mother, Birdie, he condemns Daniel’s actions and struggles to accept and forgive his brother. Jacob, like Sara, narrates about half of the novel from the first-person point of view. He is a brilliant astrophysicist who has traveled the world, including Antarctica and Alaska, studying the aurora borealis. Jacob begins the novel after he returns to Savannah and begins fixing up the cottage on a small island that he inherited when his father, Tom, died by suicide. His journey as a character is rooted in trying to uncover and make peace with his emotions. Unlike his mother and brother, Jacob wants to reconcile his intelligence with his more sensitive, emotional side. In the pursuit of that reconciliation, he also has to reconcile his guilt and anger regarding Daniel’s crime. At Daniel’s trial, Jacob testified against his brother, and after Daniel went to prison, Jacob left Savannah and distanced himself from his brother’s crime and family’s cruelty. Daniel’s cancer is the precipitating event that drives Jacob to begin to untangle his complex emotions about his brother. As identical twins, they share many physical and mental traits. However, Jacob was always more sensitive, while Daniel was more intellectual and out of touch with his emotions.
Jacob’s relationships with Sara, Alana, and Hosea develop as he works through his conflicts with his family. Jacob’s first relationship is with Hosea, who helps him acknowledge his emotions and confront his conflicts with his family and identity as a Wyler. After the deaths of his father and sister, Naomi, Jacob is left without the parent who was warmer and more comfortable with emotions and without the sibling who understood his feelings. Hosea introduces Jacob to poetry and, via poetry, his own emotions. Alana, similarly, allows Jacob to access his love for his sister rather than just the grief over her loss that he has struggled to process. In loving Alana, Jacob finds common ground with Sara and Daniel; as a result, he begins to cope with his sister’s death. Finally, his relationship with Sara pushes him to confront Daniel and Birdie for the terrible ways they treated Sara. He finds a space to accept himself, sees a path forward to a new family, and works with Sara to help her heal and reconcile with her past. At the end of the novel, Jacob has found the family he lost when he moved away, discovered a new future in Sara and Alana, and gotten back in touch with his feelings.
Daniel and his mother, Birdie, are antagonists throughout much of the novel to both Jacob and Sara. Daniel is Jacob’s identical twin brother who raped Sara and has spent the past eight years in prison. Jacob describes looking at him as being like looking in a mirror but with a skewed reflection:
I don’t remember a time when I was ever aware of the differences between us. We have tawny hair, fair skin that glows the ruddiness of a sunset, and green eyes that burn in the dark…the malign yellow in his eyes has dulled the brightness that once resonated there. His skin has a rubbery texture, like the surface of a balloon (54).
Like Jacob and Alana, he is immensely intelligent, but like Birdie, that intelligence overpowers any sense of compassion or emotion. He is initially portrayed as self-absorbed and arrogant, focused only on rehabilitating his image and saving his own life. However, his character is dynamic, as he changes throughout the novel. Although his arrogance and cruelty still occasionally erupt in his interactions with Jacob, at the end of the novel, following his discovery of his daughter’s existence, he makes his peace with the full consequences of his actions. In doing so, he admits that he did rape Sara and cause physical and emotional harm to her and her family.
Birdie questions the rape and Daniel’s guilt. She is portrayed as cold and single-focused, only interested in Daniel’s potential success. Though she, like her children, is immensely intelligent and prizes intelligence above all, she never pursued a professional career: “Bernadette ‘Birdie’ Ross graduated from Yale with double degrees in biology and chemistry. However, she never worked for a wage outside our home nor had any inclination to do so” (30). Birdie’s identity is directly tied to motherhood and the success of her children. Despite this, she is more nurturing toward the plants in her garden than toward her children. At the end of the novel, Daniel tells Birdie that she never guided them through grief, which is part of the reason why he says he behaved violently toward Sara. Birdie is not a flat, one-dimensional character. When both of her sons insist that she acknowledge the truth and she comes face-to-face with Alana, she can move beyond her grief and bitterness to apologize to Sara for the harm she has caused her.
Alana is Sara’s daughter, and she was conceived when Daniel raped Sara. Naomi is Daniel and Jacob’s sister who died in a car accident before Daniel raped Sara. Alana and Naomi are tied throughout the novel because of Alana’s similarities to Naomi, both physically and intellectually. Alana is precocious and brilliant at a genius level, particularly in math. She is intensely curious and looks to connect with everyone she meets. She meets Jacob because she wants to make sure that he knows an exhibit in the science museum got some of its math wrong. This interaction introduces the connection between Alana and Naomi. Jacob is struck by how much this little girl resembles his sister, even before he knows that he’s related to Alana. As he gets closer to Alana, the connections increase, and Alana’s similarities to Naomi make it possible for Jacob to begin to heal from his grief: “My heart ached over that memory, a pain eased only with the notion that she lives on through Alana” (142).
Naomi is only depicted in the novel as a vision and a memory, almost entirely through Jacob’s point of view. She died at 15 in a car accident after being hit by a drunk driver. Her death created a schism within the Wyler family, especially given the family’s general avoidance of emotions. It is a vision of Naomi that leads Jacob back to Savannah, and it is through sharing memories of Naomi that he begins to patch the divisions with his brother and mother. Alana and Naomi, though secondary characters, are the catalysts for change within the main characters in the novel.



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