Perpetual Peace: A Philosophical Sketch

In this Appendix, Kant confronts a frequent moral argument: That moral principles are noble in theory, but impractical in the real world. The supposed conflict between politics and morality arises from what Kant believes is a misunderstanding. Political pragmatism without a foundation of morality is convenient, but ethically bankrupt. Morality divorced from political reality becomes naïve idealism. The two must be reconciled through reason.

Kant criticizes political moralists who manipulate moral principles to justify self-interest. These figures twist justice to suit their own convenience, claiming that politics must adapt to human weakness. Kant defends, instead, moral politicians who act according to principles of right even when doing so is disadvantageous. By honoring the supremacy of moral law, politics has an opportunity to become legitimate.

The philosopher then introduces a formula of public right, asserting that any political maxim is unjust if it cannot withstand public disclosure. Transparency becomes the ultimate moral test: If secrecy is necessary to maintain power, the action is immoral.