Perpetual Peace: A Philosophical Sketch

The final Appendix resolves the tension between morality and politics by showing that they are a part of a single rational order rather than two opposing forces. Kant insists that true politics must begin with morality. It provides the end—justice—and politics provides the means. When properly understood, the two are harmonized by reason.

Kant concludes that peace and justice will not come through revolution or coercion but through gradual moral progress. States must reform their institutions and laws to conform to right. This process is slow but inevitable, driven by both moral duty and nature’s teleological plan. Peace is an ongoing moral project. He introduces the transcendental principle of publicity, a key idea that connects moral and political philosophy. He begins by asserting that any political or legal maxim must be capable of being made public without undermining itself: “All actions that affect the rights of other men are wrong if their maxim is not consistent with publicity” (37). If a law, treaty, or policy can only succeed through secrecy, deception, or manipulation, then it is unjust by nature.

The second Appendix reaffirms Kant’s faith in human reason and his rejection of moral despair. While acknowledging that humanity is innately flawed, the philosopher maintains that rational law can still shape it toward justice.