Politics Among Nations

“This book purports to present a theory of international politics. The test by which such a theory must be judged is not a priori and abstract but empirical and pragmatic.”

This passage explains the methodology that Hans Morgenthau will follow throughout Politics Among Nations. Rather than making rationalist or philosophical arguments, Morgenthau proposes to cite political events and historical examples to support his classical realist theory.

“Political realism […] knows that political reality is replete with contingencies and systemic irrationalities and points to the typical influences they exert upon foreign policy. Yet it shares with all social theory the need, for the sake of theoretical understanding, to stress the rational elements of political reality.”

Morgenthau believes that international relations are shaped by The Concept of National Interest, which is itself rooted in universal human nature. Because of this stance, Morgenthau draws upon expressions of human behavior in political and historical events to support his theory—hence the term “realism.”

“The first lesson the student of international politics must learn and never forget is that the complexities of international affairs make simple solutions and trustworthy prophecies impossible.”

Although Morgenthau argues that international relations are driven by The Role of Power in International Relations and the concept of national interest, he does not deny that international relations are complex. He acknowledges the constantly changing methods that nations employ for seeking power or hiding it within other motives, contending that nations’ individual interests have a huge impact on their relationships with other nations.