Politics Among Nations

According to the classical realistic theory that shapes Hans Morgenthau’s analysis of international relations, there exists a universal human nature that compels all individuals to be motivated by self-interest. This self-interest determines not only the behavior of people but also the actions and perspectives of nations. Morgenthau summarizes this view when he states, “Whatever the ultimate aims of international politics, power is always the immediate aim” (31). Striving to gain power or trying to main power is the dominant motive behind international relations, with power being “a characteristic of all politics, domestic as well as international” (101). He also contends that the “basic manifestations [of politics] do not appear as what they actually are—manifestations of a struggle for power” (101).

Because of the centrality of power in international relations, Morgenthau outlines two central categories for comprehending foreign-policy programs. The first involves preserving the status quo. The second involves imperialism, which is “a policy that aims at the overthrow of the status quo, at a reversal of the powerful relations between two or more nations” (59). He also contends that power is not limited to violence and military power. Instead, it can also refer to more indirect and softer forms, such as political, cultural, and economic influence.