50 pages • 1-hour read
Hugh WheelerA modern alternative to SparkNotes and CliffsNotes, SuperSummary offers high-quality Study Guides with detailed chapter summaries and analysis of major themes, characters, and more.
Content Warning: This section of the guide includes discussion of death, graphic violence, and rape.
Sweeney Todd is the protagonist of the play. He fits into the archetype of the antihero, opposing the social norms of the Victorian era by embodying its violence and reflecting it to those who perpetuate its exploitative systems. Todd drives the themes of The Revenge of the Working Class and The Perils of Obsession by committing himself to a single-minded pursuit of vengeance against the wealthy lawman who ruined his life, Judge Turpin. This vengeful obsession blinds him to the possibility of reclaiming his former life by reuniting with his wife, Lucy, and escaping from London with Johanna and Anthony.
Todd’s motivations rely on his backstory as the naive barber and family man Benjamin Barker. Barker was married to Lucy, a beautiful woman coveted by Turpin and his accomplice, the Beadle. Barker’s naivety prevented him from anticipating the judge’s plot to ship him to Australia and claim Lucy for himself. Barker escapes from his penal colony and changes his name to Sweeney Todd.
The name change is more than a disguise; it symbolizes a deeper change of identity, from family man Barker to vengeful killer Todd. However, Todd’s new identity does little to hide his appearance, and he is consistently recognized by people from his past. Only Turpin fails to register that Todd is Barker, signaling his indifference to Barker’s plight.
Despite his single-mindedness, Todd is a complex character who remains attached to his past life, causing occasional lapses in his obsession with violence. In Act II, Todd becomes increasingly wistful over the idea that he may never see Johanna again. As he comes to terms with this outcome, he spares one of his customers when he visits with his wife and young child, who remind Todd that his desire to return to his life as Barker overrides his desire for revenge.
However, this mercy is short-lived. Believing that Lucy is already dead, Todd settles for revenge as his path to satisfaction. This leads him to the play’s tragic ending, in which he unwittingly kills Lucy when Turpin arrives at his shop. Todd dies when Tobias uses his razors against him in revenge for Mrs. Lovett’s murder.
Mrs. Lovett is Todd’s sidekick and romantic interest. She initially appears as a widow sympathetic to Todd’s cause, and the play reveals early on that her sympathy stems from a long-harbored crush on Benjamin Barker, whom she recognizes is Todd. The play gradually reveals Mrs. Lovett as a manipulative character and suggests that she isn’t interested in helping Todd but in pursuing her own fantasies of a life with Todd by the sea.
Mrs. Lovett operates the pie shop underneath Todd’s parlor, which suffers due to a lack of meat supply. She laments that the economic conditions of the Victorian era make it difficult for working-class people like herself to procure quality meat for her meat pies. One of her peers, Mrs. Mooney, has resorted to killing street cats to bolster her supply chain, but Mrs. Lovett declares that she is above such desperate measures. However, when Todd finds himself saddled with Signor Pirelli’s corpse, Mrs. Lovett reasons that it would be a shame to let the meat from the corpse go to waste in a makeshift grave. This turns Todd’s bloodlust into a business opportunity, reinforcing the theme of The Revenge of the Working Class as the baker profits from the bodies of Todd’s wealthy customers.
Although Mrs. Lovett functions in many ways as a potential romantic counterpart for Todd, his interest in her extends only to her capacity to assist him in his plans. She gains his trust when she reveals that she kept his razors for him during his incarceration. He only returns her affections when she suggests baking his victims’ corpses, showing her usefulness to his revenge plans. For her part, Mrs. Lovett only helps Todd in the hope that his obsession with revenge will eventually subside, freeing them both for a life together.
The play hints at Mrs. Lovett’s manipulative qualities early on when Todd inquires about the fate of his wife, Lucy. Recognizing Todd, she uses the story of Lucy to elicit a pained reaction from him, confirming her suspicions. When Todd asks her what became of Lucy, Mrs. Lovett informs him that she took arsenic but withholds the fact that she survived and is now the beggar woman on Fleet Street. When Todd learns the truth about Lucy, Mrs. Lovett rationalizes that she lied to “protect” Todd, but he kills her by throwing her into the oven. This reinforces the theme of The Perils of Obsession by making Mrs. Lovett’s desire for Todd become the cause of her downfall.
Judge Turpin is the primary antagonist of the play. Though Turpin is a one-dimensional character, his character traits underline the corruption of the traditional institutions that govern Victorian society and drive the theme of The Revenge of the Working Class.
The play characterizes Turpin as a man of indulgence and wealth, indifferent to the suffering of others and caring only about satisfying his desires. Turpin frequently abuses his office for his own convenience. For example, after he condemns a young boy to death, he explains to the Beadle that he rushed the verdict because he was annoyed with the defendants’ smell. He also sentenced Benjamin Barker to the British penal colony in Australia to facilitate his attempts at seducing Lucy. Mrs. Lovett suggests that the charge that Turpin pinned on Barker was either falsified or inconsequential. Turpin’s failure to recognize Todd during either of their encounters further underscores his callousness, suggesting a complete absence of guilt.
Turpin is a covetous man, undeterred by the limitations that his place in society expects of him. Wheeler and Sondheim use this character trait to point out the hypocrisy of the upper classes. For example, in the wake of Barker’s incarceration, Turpin raped Lucy at a party, to the amusement of his social peers. Though Turpin’s willingness to raise Johanna in the absence of her parents ostensibly suggests that he has redeemable qualities, his plot to marry her against her will nullifies that suggestion. Turpin’s opposition to Anthony as a “corrupt youth” speaks to his hypocrisy as a corrupted force in his own right. Turpin’s arrogance proves to be his downfall, as Todd successfully leverages it to bring the judge back into his barber’s chair. Though Todd manages to obtain his revenge against Turpin, it comes at the cost of his downfall.
Signor Adolfo Pirelli is a secondary antagonist and a foil for Todd. He initially appears as a showy barber who embodies the stereotype of an Italian person. Later, the play reveals that this is a performance and that Pirelli is actually an Irishman named Daniel O’Higgins. Pirelli uses this performance to differentiate himself from his peers in the London grooming industry, giving him an air of novelty that allows him to exploit unsuspecting customers.
Todd uses Pirelli to establish his reputation as a barber in London, calling out Pirelli’s Miracle Elixir as a scam product made from ink and urine. When Todd beats Pirelli in a public challenge, he gains the attention of his first customers, including Judge Turpin’s accomplice, the Beadle. Later, Pirelli visits Todd to extort him, claiming that he threw the contest to put himself in a position to demand money from Todd. Pirelli reveals his true identity as Benjamin Barker’s former assistant and attempts to blackmail him, leading Todd to kill Pirelli—his first murder.
Through the parallels between Todd and Pirelli, Pirelli functions as a foil for Todd. Like Todd, he falsifies his identity to advance and protect his position in the market and society. When Pirelli sees an opportunity to take advantage of Todd, he exploits it, threatening Todd’s return to incarceration. This foreshadows Todd’s later betrayal of Anthony to draw the judge back to his parlor.



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