The Blessing Way

Tony Hillerman

57 pages 1-hour read

Tony Hillerman

The Blessing Way

Fiction | Novel | Adult | Published in 1970

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Chapters 8-12Chapter Summaries & Analyses

Content Warning: This section of the guide includes discussion of animal cruelty, animal death, racism, graphic violence, and death.

Chapter 8 Summary

In the morning, McKee calls Leaphorn at a gas station, and they meet up to drive into Chinle. McKee reads Horseman’s autopsy report, which lists cause of death as suffocation by sand. Horseman had no alcohol in his system. Leaphorn doesn’t think Horseman died in a cave-in, so he wonders if someone thought he was the witch and killed him. He feels responsible for Horseman’s death because he didn’t look hard enough, like in another Navajo Wolf case he didn’t take seriously which led to five deaths. They arrive at Billy Nez’s family hogan, but the boy hasn’t been home for days. Billy is actually Horseman’s younger brother, not his cousin, and knew where Horseman was hiding out, though Horseman wasn’t there when Billy looked for him.


Leaphorn and McKee meet Sergeant Sam George Takes at a diner. Takes tells Leaphorn not to fret about Billy, but Leaphorn worries the boy is hunting for whoever killed Horseman. Takes eases these fears, since Charley Tsosie is conducting an Evil Way ceremony to get rid of the witchcraft. McKee recalls that an Enemy Way is usually meant to rid someone of outside influence, which further leads him to trust Old Woman Gray Rocks’ information about the Wolf being a stranger. The men brainstorm possible motives for Horseman’s death, and Leaphorn theorizes the boy found the missing Army missile and fought someone over the reward.


McKee feels disappointed that the murder isn’t likely connected to the supernatural, and the disappointment reminds him of Sara’s note. He turns from self-pity to his own investigation. He plans to find Ben Yazzie and Afraid of His Horse to corroborate gossip about what they saw. Rumor has it that a coyote, an omen of danger, followed Yazzie, and then he saw the Wolf tampering with his hogan and sheep. Leaphorn makes a call and learns the missile reward is cancelled. McKee and Leaphorn consider that Horseman’s body was moved away from the canyons to prevent Law and Order from looking in the northern area, which only deepens Leaphorn’s feelings of responsibility for Horseman’s death.

Chapter 9 Summary

McKee honks as he approaches Ben Yazzie’s hogan and drives slowly around the property, which looks deserted. He parks and steps outside for a cigarette to consider his next move. He admires the location of Yazzie’s hogan next to an ancient cliff and near enough grass to feed his herd, but he wonders what scared the man away from such a prime spot. He sees a large cloud forming and threatening to rain, so he moves to leave, but the smell of decay stops him. He follows a low rustling sound and surprises a flock of ravens scavenging on five dead sheep in one of Yazzie’s pens. As he drives back to camp, McKee considers that a wild animal probably attacked the sheep, but Yazzie will likely blame a witch rather than own up to the shame of not protecting his flock. Though the scene upset him, McKee is happy he has new evidence for his scapegoat theory. However, he remembers how secure the pen was, and how an animal couldn’t possibly break in. He chastises himself for not inspecting the pen further to confirm his theories.


He drives through the region where the ancient Anasazi people built homes on the canyon slopes to avoid flash flooding. The imminent rain worries McKee, whose supplies are unprotected. When he arrives at camp, he sees Canfield’s camper is gone. He finds a note in their tent that Canfield drove into town to help an injured man. The note concerns McKee, as Canfield signed his name incorrectly as John, not Jeremy.

Chapter 10 Summary

Sandoval, a Singer, performs an Enemy Way ceremony for Charley Tsosie’s family in their heated hogan. He tells Charley to sit near a sand painting as he sings over him and waits for medicine to boil. Sandoval learned how to conduct the ceremony from his father and takes pride in its rituals, though he’s sad he must teach Charley so much. The two-day long ceremony exhausts him at 81 years old. He offers the medicine to the Tsosies and explains that the family must wait until they see the top of the sun and vomit, using a feather if it doesn’t come naturally.


Sandoval rests outside. He surveys the hundreds of people visiting and laments that most are there for a party rather than for spirituality. A Law and Order officer, Leaphorn, arrives and introduces himself. Leaphorn discusses many topics before getting to his question, which Sandoval appreciates, since patience is a traditional value. Leaphorn asks about the Enemy Way and how it can be conducted without a personal token from the witch. Sandoval claims they know enough about the witch, since Tsosie saw it. They don’t suspect Horseman of being the witch, and Sandoval suggests the young man’s manner of death isn’t traditional for killing a witch anyways. Charley returns to the hogan, and as Sandoval follows him, he asks Leaphorn whether he truly believes in witches. Leaphorn recites the Navajo story of how witchcraft was brought into the world, but Sandoval senses the man has no faith.


Leaphorn returns to his truck and ruminates over the motive for Horseman’s murder, since he was just a troubled boy caught between cultures. He knows the clan must be sure about the witch because they spent so much money on the ceremony. Smoke exits the hogan, and Leaphorn imagines Sandoval’s performance. The people cooking, horse racing, and gossiping remind him of his own Blessing Way ceremonies held before he went overseas in the military. The ceremony continues into the afternoon, and Leaphorn questions people around the camp, though he learns nothing new.


Charley’s wife exits the hogan so the men and women can prepare separately for the scalp shooting. The family hired a professional Scalp Shooter, though Leaphorn suspects they’ll be using a symbolic scalp. He follows the Tsosie men, Sandoval, and the Scalp Shooter and watches them stab a large black hat with raven’s beaks. He realizes the Wolf must be the Big Navajo from Shoemaker’s, since he’s a stranger who’s missing his hat. A bolt of lightning strikes above the Lukachukais, ushering in the end of the ceremony. Leaphorn wonders if the Enemy Way will kill the Wolf, or whether Billy Nez will find the man first.

Chapter 11 Summary

A bolt of lightning strikes near McKee’s camp and rain pelts down, threatening his meal and reminding him of his Nebraska childhood. His mind returns to Canfield’s note, which both worries and annoys him. As sunset falls, he looks over his notes and plans to stay at camp until Canfield returns, since Ellen Leon is visiting in the morning. He undresses and slips into bed. The darkness makes him feel intensely alone, like a recurring nightmare he has of falling through a void. He recalls the Navajo stories of the constellations and listens uneasily to the animals around him before drifting off to sleep.


The sound of falling pebbles wakes McKee in the middle of the night, and he quickly dresses to survey the camp. He calms his fear, but the string of recent strange events keeps him on edge. He slowly maneuvers up the nearby cliff and conceals himself amongst the shadows. Looking down at the camp, he sees movement and watches a man wearing a wolf pelt emerge from the bushes. The man carries a pistol and sneaks around, inspecting the tent and McKee’s truck. McKee picks up a rock in case he must fight, but he doesn’t want to confront the man. Suddenly, the man address McKee and tells him that John Canfield is hurt, but McKee stays silent. The man disappears and runs away along the canyon floor.

Chapter 12 Summary

After more hours of unsuccessful interviews, a teen captures Leaphorn for the Girl Dance. As they dance, the girl tells him that Billy Nez is the Scalp Carrier who tracked the Wolf and stole his hat. She gives Billy’s description, and when the dance ends, Leaphorn spots Billy and his young cousin in the crowd. He approaches and asks to talk about how Billy tracked the Wolf. Billy describes how he and his uncle first met the Wolf in the mid-spring when the man approached them in his Land Rover. He warned the men that there were witches in the region, but he had trouble communicating with Billy’s uncle because he didn’t speak Navajo or Spanish.


A week later, a coyote followed Billy’s uncle, and later that night, the Wolf tramped on the hogan’s roof. Billy’s uncle tried confronting the Wolf, but he had already run away. A few days later, the Wolf watched Billy’s uncle as he grazed the sheep, and when he tracked the witch, he found his boot prints and tire tracks. The Wolf returned at night and hacked at two horses’ tendons, and days later, he shot into the pen of sheep. Leaphorn is shocked by this information, though he’s glad to have a crime to charge the man with. The incidents frightened Billy’s uncle, so he abandoned the hogan and gathered a group of men at Billy’s family’s hogan. A Hand Trembler determined his uncle was haunted by the witch, so they prescribed an Enemy Way. Billy convinced the men to let him be the Scalp Carrier, so his uncle taught him the Tracking Bear Song and showed him what the tire tracks looked like. Billy draws the tracks in the mud for Leaphorn. It took Billy almost a week to find the Wolf on Ceniza Mesa. As the man cleared boulders and trees from a path, Billy stole the hat from his truck and carried it home on a stick.


Leaphorn turns the conversation to Horseman. Billy sullenly shares that his late brother was hiding near Many Ruins Canyon, but he wasn’t there when Billy went to tell him about the stabbed man’s recovery. Billy inspected Horseman’s campsite and found all his food left behind; he also saw the Wolf’s tire tracks, leading him to believe the witch killed Horseman. Leaphorn warns Billy against hunting the witch before the boy leaves to dance. Leaphorn considers the boy’s information and hopes he’ll be able to arrest the Big Navajo before Billy kills him.

Chapters 8-12 Analysis

Leaphorn’s investigation at the Enemy Way ceremony expands on The Complexities of Law Enforcement in Indigenous Societies. Knowing the police offer little protection, the clan chooses to take matters into their own hands and conduct the Enemy Way ceremony to ward off whomever has been attacking their animals. Leaphorn knows he can’t do anything about the witch because the police “don’t recognize witchcraft legally” (68), so the Enemy Way ceremony is a way for the community to feel safe despite potentially having a dangerous criminal in their midst. Since the community is already wary of outsiders, Leaphorn must also navigate their suspicions of him as someone from outside their clan. For example, a man touches himself with pollen when he sees Leaphorn as if to ward off danger, and Leaphorn describes how “the gesture was typical of what he knew others felt. How did they know that Leaphorn himself was not a witch?” (101). Many people aren’t forthcoming with their knowledge, so getting new leads takes him all day and night. Leaphorn’s conversation with Sandoval exemplifies the different techniques Leaphorn must use, especially with Navajo elders. Western police methods get right to the point, but Sandoval still values the Navajo tradition of making patient, authentic connections with people, so Leaphorn engages in a calm, circumlocutive conversation before arriving at his true questions. Sandoval appreciates Leaphorn’s “old and patient ways” (90) and is therefore more open in revealing what he knows.


Leaphorn’s conversations at the Enemy Way ceremony expose his internal conflicts about his culture. Leaphorn knows a lot about his heritage and respects its traditions, but he doesn’t subscribe to all its beliefs. Sandoval acknowledges Leaphorn’s level of cultural knowledge, but he sees that Leaphorn doesn’t believe in the spiritual, supernatural aspects of the culture. For example, Sandoval dislikes Leaphorn’s description of witchcraft because it sounds too rehearsed: “The words were right, Sandoval thought, but he recited them like a lesson” (93). Leaphorn chastises himself for his lack of faith and for occasionally downplaying his peoples’ concerns, as both times he’s ignored reports about Navajo Wolves, people died. Leaphorn feels personally responsible for both of these tragedies, since his lack of action allowed the murderers enough time to kill. Leaphorn describes himself as a logical man who sees the world through cause-and-effect, so the supernatural aspects of Navajo culture confound him.


As Leaphorn struggles with his cultural conflicts, McKee further confronts the disappointments in his life. McKee considers himself a logical man who understands the world through explainable facts. His theory about Navajo Wolves is that they’re not real supernatural figures but rather a role projected onto a specific person as a scapegoat for a clan’s ills. Despite this, McKee also fantasizes about exciting, romantic situations to distract him from his disappointing life. On one hand, he’s sure that the Navajo Wolf gossip is just Ben Yazzie passing off blame for his poor husbandry because he is “not likely to admit, even to himself, that he could not deal with coyotes, not even with an unusually bold wolf of the natural, four-legged variety” (82). At the same time, he also secretly wishes the strange events, like Horseman’s death, were connected to something more mysterious: “He had once again, as he had for years, fallen victim to his optimism. […] Anticipating some romantic mystery in what Takes and Leaphorn must already see as a sordid, routine little homicide” (73).The conflict of this desire with reality forces McKee to confront the false hopes he placed in this trip as a cure-all for his present state.


Sandoval is a symbolic character who represents the generational divide between older and young Navajo peoples, and his internal thoughts explore the theme of Alienation From Traditional Culture. As Sandoval guides Charley through the Enemy Way ceremony, he grieves that his people are losing their traditional knowledge. Not only must Sandoval remind Charley of the order of the rites, but he must instruct Charley on basic principles like which direction to face. Even for those not directly participating in the ceremony, Sandoval sees extreme differences in the young generation that point toward disconnection with and carelessness concerning tradition. For example, he describes the changing behavior of people participating in the Enemy Way: “The white man’s machines made it easy to travel about and people came just to visit and fool around. In the old days there wouldn’t have been any drinking and gambling at a ceremony like this” (89). As the young Navajos assimilate more into Western—specifically American— culture, Sandoval sees that they lose interest in Indigenous lifeways. This generational divide also becomes evident in Leaphorn’s investigation around the camp. While the older Navajo people are reluctant to share their information with an outsider, the young people, like the dancing girl, offer up what they know without a second thought. The sense of trust and community the elder Navajo people possess did not transfer to the younger generation, who consider their identities as extending beyond the Nation rather than be contained within it. Like Horseman, the young people are caught between cultures in the cities where many of them live and work, which threatens the longevity of their traditions.

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