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Content Warning: This section of the guide includes depictions of gender discrimination, racism, and pregnancy loss.
At Saratoga during the height of racing season, the men gather at the track while the verandah fills with languid women and girls. Among the women sits Mrs. St. George, who spends her “vacant hours” brooding over how society has deteriorated since her youth. She misses the clear social hierarchies of the past, and as she observes the younger women’s bustles and low-cut gowns, she feels that it is now impossible to distinguish “a lady” from an actress. The members of the Saratoga elite now spend their time in Newport, and this mixed company unsettles Mrs. St. George’s sense of rank.
She considers her daughters’ potential rivals in the quest for advantageous marriages. She is wary of the exuberant Mrs. Elmsworth, whose daughter Lizzy is close in age and beauty to Mrs. St. George’s elder daughter, Virginia. Once, the Elmsworths’ showy wealth inspired awe, but they are much diminished after their losses. Still, Lizzy’s fine looks make her a competitive presence. Mrs. St George dismisses the bony Mabel Elmsworth, then reassures herself that her younger daughter Nan is quite promising.
Suddenly, Mrs. Closson arrives with her daughter, Conchita. Rumor suggests that Mrs. Closson is a Brazilian widow or divorcée, and Mrs. St. George recognizes Conchita as a larger threat because the Clossons’ careless modernity, gossip about cigar-smoking, and social ambiguity unsettle conventional boundaries. Mrs. St. George continues her habitual cataloguing, measuring Virginia against Lizzy, then measuring both girls against Conchita.
The St. George family dynamics sharpen the social tensions. Virginia, the eldest, is serenely beautiful and remains indifferent to her mother’s edicts. Sixteen-year-old Nan idolizes Virginia but is buffeted by surges of feeling and insecure loyalty. She mimics her mother to please her sister and then suffers small humiliations that harden something in her. Meanwhile, Conchita rounds the verandah, dragging a poodle and making it dance while everyone observes her antics. Whereas the mothers see a vulgar circus, Nan sees Conchita’s freedom from the overbearing concern for public opinion.
When Mrs. St. George forbids her daughters to associate with Conchita, Virginia shrugs off the command indifferently, but Nan, stung by her mother’s snobbery, questions the order. Cornered, Mrs. St. George refers to the English governess who will soon arrive to prepare Nan for her social debut. The threat chills Nan, who dreads the prospect of constant surveillance and constraint. When ordered to meet the governess at the station on Monday, she turns away, vowing that if the woman “tries to interfere” (12), she will not submit.
Nan searches for Conchita Closson and finds her in a nearby field. Nan approaches and immediately raises her concern about the imminent arrival of a governess. Conchita expresses surprise at the idea. She listens sympathetically and suggests that a governess might cooperate with a pupil in carrying messages and keeping mutual secrets. Nan is unsettled but intrigued. Conchita offers cigarettes and Nan accepts, smoking for the first time and quickly becoming confident. Conchita blows smoke rings, gives Nan the packet, and suggests that she practice smoking at night. Nan returns toward the hotel in improved spirits.
At the hotel entrance, Nan sees her father, Colonel St. George, and greets him warmly, hopeful that he will resolve the governess issue. He produces rich gifts for the family, including a diamond brooch for his wife. When he learns of Nan’s objection to the governess and her fear of being barred from seeing Conchita, he grows concerned because he wants to please Mr. Closson for business reasons. He explains that Mr. Closson is troubled by society’s coldness toward his wife. He then suggests that Nan persuade her mother and others to be polite to Mrs. Closson and to include Conchita in their circle. In return, he promises to “fix it up with the governess” (19). Nan agrees.
Mrs. St. George reflects on her earlier faith in her husband’s ability to resolve family problems, but now she recognizes that many of those problems originate with him. Despite his fondness for poker, whisky, and questionable company, she still admires his appearance and status, contrasting him with Mr. Elmsworth and Mr. Closson, whom she disdains. The Colonel enters warmly and presents her with a diamond brooch. She is moved but anxious about the expense and about the governess who is due to arrive on Monday.
When she asks him to discourage their daughters from associating with Conchita Closson, he urges his wife to be friendly with Mrs. Closson for business reasons. Hearing this, she feels that the diamond is a bribe, but she complies. Later, the Colonel asks whether the Clossons will be invited to supper, and at the hotel supper, the seating is accordingly rearranged to include them. Two new male guests appear with them: Teddy de Santos-Dios and Lord Richard Marable, an English younger son employed on the Closson estancia. The girls arrive, and during the meal, Mrs. St. George observes Lord Richard’s fixed attention on Conchita. She is relieved that he does not look at her own daughters that way.
Miss Laura Testvalley arrives at the Saratoga Springs station to begin work as a governess for the St. George family. Guided by a governess agency and a strong reference from Mrs. Parmore, she secures a promise of $80 a month with Mrs. St. George. Her decision to work for the St. Georges is also driven by her family obligations to support her elderly, infirm relatives and to aid a sister with six children. Her background includes a notable Italian lineage through her grandfather, the patriot Gennaro Testavaglia, who was a hero of the Italian unification. She also has connections to the Rossetti family, including the poet Dante Gabriel.
At the station, Miss Testvalley waits patiently until a hotel carriage arrives, containing a group of young women who spill out and surround her with laughter. After observing the group, she identifies Nan as her “special charge” (36). Nan reacts with anger and humiliation, exclaiming that if she is a baby, she needs a nurse and not “a beastly English governess” (36). Despite this outburst, Miss Testvalley calmly directs the party to the carriage. When a young man in overalls lifts her trunk to the roof, she is shocked to recognize him as Lord Richard. During the drive, Nan bursts into tears and apologizes, and Miss Testvalley accepts the apology.
Mrs. St. George attends the races with Colonel St. George, experiencing anxiety about his acquaintances, then returns alone to the hotel to meet the new governess. She arrives as a noisy group escorts Miss Testvalley from the carriage, with Teddy de Santos-Dios in a waiter’s jacket and Conchita’s poodle performing. Embarrassed, Mrs. St. George apologizes. Miss Testvalley thanks the young women for meeting her.
Later, in a private meeting, Mrs. St. George struggles to maintain her dignity as she alludes to the Clossons and to her husband’s business ties, and she also learns that Miss Testvalley knows Lord Richard. Miss Testvalley indicates that she worked for “Lady Brightlingsea for two years—as his sisters’ governess” (40). Shifting to professional matters, Miss Testvalley requests an outline of Nan’s studies. Mrs. St. George emphasizes the importance of training the girls to “behave like ladies” (41).
Later, in her room, Miss Testvalley feels isolated but finds a bunch of geraniums and mignonette, likely from Nan, which improves her spirits. She visits the sisters before supper and assists Nan in retrieving a lost slipper and straightening her dress, then notes Virginia’s elaborate appearance. Nan admits that Lord Richard suggested the flowers, then asks about Conchita’s chances with him. Miss Testvalley suggests that the matter does not concern them.
After supper and dancing, Miss Testvalley returns to her room and observes light and noise from the Closson rooms. She hears Santos-Dios’s guitar and multiple voices. When she identifies Lord Richard’s voice and Nan’s laughter, she considers intervening but refrains. When the gathering breaks up, she listens in the corridor as the girls return to their rooms. Later, she hears a “heavy but cautious step” (48) and the tune of Champagne Charlie, follows the sound in the dark, and recognizes Lord Richard entering a room down the corridor. The episode prompts her memory of a brief undisclosed incident at Allfriars involving Lord Richard and a governess. She knows that his later banishment from home concerned “far more deplorable” (49) behavior.
Colonel St. George buys a house on Madison Avenue that he considers to be socially suitable, but Mrs. St. George learns that fashionable families avoid the avenue, disapprove of basement dining rooms, and prefer more restrained decorations. Although the Elmsworths move to Fifth Avenue, their daughters are not much more included in the fashionable social circles than Virginia is. Events like the subscription balls and the Opera highlight the family’s exclusion. One day, the hairdresser Katie Wood casually mentions the Assemblies and the Thursday Evening Dances in a way that underscores Virginia’s absence from these lists, but offers for Virginia to attend without her parents are refused, since “in the best society girls did not go to balls without their parents” (51).
News arrives that Conchita Closson will marry Lord Richard Marable in November; she only just met him in August. The speed of the engagement and the resulting rumors trouble Mrs. St. George, but the match gives the Clossons new visibility. Miss Testvalley visits. Mrs. St. George remarks on Lord Richard’s reputation and speculates about the Clossons’ finances and plans, while Miss Testvalley answers cautiously. She concludes that her loyalties lie with the excluded families and considers whether Lord Richard might indirectly help secure Assembly access for the St. Georges.
Back in New York, there are frequent visits between the St. Georges and the Clossons. Miss Testvalley accompanies Nan to the Fifth Avenue Hotel to maintain a sense of propriety for her charge. In Mrs. Closson’s rooms, the mother asks about the Brightlingsea family and says she wants only Conchita’s happiness. Conchita arrives to display her Assembly dress, and it is revealed that she has been invited as Teddy de Santos-Dios’s partner, since a girl is permitted to attend such events with her brother. Virginia and Nan will serve as bridesmaids, although they are not invited to the Assembly. Virginia assists Conchita with her dress without complaint. Miss Testvalley notes the lack of envy among her pupils and feels a deep desire to help their social prospects.
Miss Testvalley encounters Lord Richard at the foot of the stairs, and he explains that Mr. Closson has asked if there is any reason Lord Richard’s marriage to Conchita should not proceed, noting that there has been no response from his family. She asks whether he “told them everything” (62) about Conchita’s background. He confirms this, then alludes to an old family incident about “the cheque” (63): a matter that Miss Testvalley acknowledges hearing about from his mother. She asks him whether he is sincerely in love with Conchita, and he assures her that he is. She secures his promise that nothing will endanger Conchita’s happiness, then agrees to support him. She also requests that he “get Miss Closson’s bridesmaids invited to the Assembly ball next week” (65). He agrees to try, with the understanding that her role in the invitation should not be mentioned.
At the Assembly ball, Conchita attends with her brother and with Lord Richard’s sisters, the Ladies Honoria and Ulrica. Their arrival draws attention, and as the young women dance, they attract multiple partners. Virginia St. George and Lizzy Elmsworth attend as bridesmaids through their newly secured invitations. Late that night, Nan visits Miss Testvalley, unable to sleep and disappointed at being left out. She laughs about how the invitations were arranged, then asks Miss Testvalley to read to her. The governess reads a poem by her relative, Dante Gabriel, and continues until Nan falls asleep. Virginia returns near dawn.
On the day before the wedding, a cable arrives, addressed to Miss Testvalley from Lady Brightlingsea. It asks whether Lord Richard’s bride to be is Black, and the message is signed, “ANGUISHED MOTHER SELINA BRIGHTLINGSEA” (73). Miss Testvalley interprets the message as a geographical confusion and replies, “NO, BUT COMELY” (74).
Part 1 of The Buccaneers is the only part of the novel to be primarily set outside of Great Britain. The narrative presents the St. George family as products of a certain kind of American success that provides riches but does not guarantee full social acceptance, and their awkward position on the periphery of the social elite at the racetrack in Saratoga emphasizes their lack of full access to the upper echelons of high society. Painfully aware of this unspoken dilemma, Mrs. St. George covets access to the inner circle, and her calculating ruminations about her daughters’ prospects foreshadow the novel’s focus on The Costs of Marrying For Status. Because Mrs. St. George feels that she and her family are perpetually excluded from the American aristocracy, she seeks novel ways to address this issue. In these early chapters, however, the author focuses on illustrating the full extent of the woman’s self-conscious classism. For example, Mrs. St. George bitterly regrets her husband’s decision to buy a house on Madison Avenue because she knows that the truly elite of New York all congregate on Fifth Avenue. Rather than appreciating her relative affluence, she believes that her address makes her a social pariah. Her mindset also suggests that the American society in this era was just as exclusionary and elitist as the British society that is introduced later in the novel.
Lacking the requisite centuries of nobility and lineage, Mrs. St. George—by dint of her wealth and proximity—nonetheless feels entitled to full access to high society. This dynamic renders families like the St. Georges as Disruptive Forces in Aristocratic Society, and Mrs. St. George’s resentment over her family’s exclusion in America motivates her to use her unmarried daughters to seek out alternative forms of social mobility in the United Kingdom. While the St. Georges may not have the right tools to break into the American elite, Mrs. St. George believes that their money will help her beloved daughters find to secure solid matches overseas, becoming part of a much older and perhaps even more exclusive social elite. The depiction of American high society in Part 1 thus explains the motivation the buccaneering American women to travel across the Atlantic in search of better social prospects.
While the majority of social dynamics in this section proceed under the veil of insinuation, rumor, and unspoken implication, Wharton injects elements of foreshadowing, suggesting that all is not well in the marriage between Mr. and Mrs. St. George. While his wife and daughters travel to London, Mr. St. George stays behind in America to further his success in the stock market, but his wife’s constant air of disapproval hints that he may habitually engage in acts of infidelity. His ability to overrule her decision to shun the Clossons also suggests that she lacks the power to police her husband’s behavior or to assert her own will over the family’s direction, and this power differential highlights the patriarchal nature of elite society. Most importantly, however, these interactions draw attention to The Costs of Marrying for Status, for Mrs. St. George resignedly endures her husband’s implied infidelity in exchange for social mobility and status, and the novel thus implies that she will one day expect her daughters to make similar allowances for their own husbands’ flaws.
Similarly, Conchita’s marriage to Lord Richard Marable is both a prototype and a cautionary tale for Nan and Virginia. Conchita is the first of the American women in the novel to marry a British aristocrat, and her experience of being made a Lady inspires women like Mrs. St. George to take their daughters to London in search of similar prospects. Yet Conchita’s marriage will prove to be loveless and flawed, and her own reputation is clouded by the prejudices of the older American generation, who deride Conchita’s mother’s “dusky skin” (4) and think less of her due to her Brazilian heritage. These exclusionary attitudes hint at the extent to which racial prejudice shaped opinion in 19th-century America. In Conchita, Mrs. St. George is presented with a model of marriage that will grant her family higher social status, but her own racial and social prejudices make her certain that she can find a better match for her own daughters.
Although the St. George family’s motivation to elevate their social standing via marriage is fairly straightforward, this basic plot premise is granted a deeper element of emotional complexity with the arrival of the governess, Miss Testvalley. In Part 1, Nan is reluctant to accept the presence of the governess, viewing this development as an overbearing imposition on her freedom. However, the two women’s shared interests spur the formation of a genuine bond, and the quickly developing closeness between the governess and her charge illustrates the important qualities that Nan is searching for in any meaningful relationship. She quickly becomes a friend to Miss Testvalley because she is so enthused by their shared interests, and this dynamic implies its opposite: that an attempt to forge a bond with a person who does not share her interests would ultimately end in failure. This dynamic thus indirectly foreshadows Nan’s future difficulties with the young man who will eventually seek her hand in marriage. In short, the close bond between Nan and Miss Testvalley creates an important point of comparison for the failure of Nan’s future marriage.



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