58 pages • 1-hour read
Isaac AsimovA modern alternative to SparkNotes and CliffsNotes, SuperSummary offers high-quality Study Guides with detailed chapter summaries and analysis of major themes, characters, and more.
Lije and Daneel march Clousarr ahead as they make their way through the yeast factory. Clousarr stops and smacks Daneel across the face. Daneel makes no move to stop him; he only expresses concern for Clousarr’s possible injury to his hand. The trio enters the squad car and heads back to the station. Clousarr reiterates his concern for his children’s ability to find work if robots continue to take jobs. Daneel says, “A training school for emigrants would involve security, guaranteed classification, an assured career. If you are concerned over your children, that is something to consider” (225). Clousarr does not counter but remains silent for the remainder of the journey to Lije’s office.
As they ride the escalator up to Lije’s office, Daneel states that Clousarr’s cerebral qualities have changed. Clousarr hit Daneel to assert his superiority and release his aggressive feelings. They reach the office and find Commissioner Enderby in distress, appearing weak as he wipes the sweat from his forehead. The Commissioner continues to rant at what a mess the situation has become. Dr. Gerrigel is also there and gives evidence that R. Sammy’s destruction was not accidental. When found, the robot was holding an alpha-sprayer. R. Sammy held it to his head and sprayed, releasing radiation, and causing positronic brain fry. The Commissioner turns to Lije, saying that it had to be an officer. He then reminds Lije how much R. Sammy annoyed him.
They discuss the man R. Sammy replaced and how he had been at the station. The Commissioner then comments that Jessie was there earlier. Lije explains that it was a family matter. The Commissioner asks if he has been to a power plant where alpha-sprayers are readily available. Lije says he has but then states that he would like to finish his statement later as he has not eaten yet. Lije turns with the word “motive” echoing in his head.
Daneel sits with Lije as he eats his meal in the lunchroom. The two begin a conversation about R. Sammy’s destruction. Lije tells Daneel that he is the obvious suspect. Jessie’s visit and confession provide Lije with a motive to get rid of the robot. Lije had means, motive, and opportunity. He knows he is being framed, most likely by Dr. Sarton’s killer. His only salvation lies in solving his case. Daneel then tells him that Dr. Fastolfe has dropped the murder investigation; the Spacers plan to leave Earth.
Lije realizes he has just 2 hours and 15 minutes to solve the case before the Spacers order goes through. He feels so close to the solution; he has all the information. Lije knows that a single word or phrase could bring clarity to the whole mess. Daneel begins to explain the purpose of Spacetown. The Spacers came to Earth to change the economy and introduce their own C/Fe culture. The experiment has failed. The more they pushed their agenda, the more the Medievalists resisted change. The Spacers selected Lije in the hope that he would start to spread the message of space travel and C/Fe culture. Daneel soon discovered that Lije lacked the necessary romanticism and imagination to share the message. Lije takes this as a point of pride; he sees himself as too mentally strong to be an easy convert.
Daneel then explains that after the encounter with Clousarr, the Spacers have found a new avenue. The Spacers feel that enough seeds have been planted that the Medievalists will eventually realize that the Earth cannot support their pioneering dreams. They believe the Medievalists will eventually turn to Outer Worlds. Daneel is not certain this is true; he thinks more converts will be needed.
Lije’s frustration breaks through. He is left framed for the destruction of R. Sammy, his career destroyed, and his family in tatters. Lije appeals to Daneel’s justice circuit, but Daneel just replies that “there are degrees of justice, Elijah. When the lesser is incompatible with the greater, the lesser must give way” (246). Daneel argues that the good of the species far outweighs the pain it will cause Lije. Lije tries to convince Daneel to let him find the killer for curiosity’s sake, but Daneel thinks that curiosity is merely inefficiency. Suddenly, the case comes into clear focus for Lije. He has solved it.
Lije then reminds Daneel that he technically has until midnight to solve the case. Daneel agrees with the logic and agrees to help until Fastolfe’s order comes into effect. Lije dispatches him to procure the film of the crime scene. Shortly after, the Commissioner comes to collect Lije to give his statement regarding R. Sammy’s destruction.
The trio enters the Commissioner’s office. Enderby begins questioning Lije about his trip to the power plant, Jessie’s unexpected visit, and the end of R. Sammy. Daneel’s evidence is not admissible in court, so no one can vouch for Lije not taking an alpha sprayer. Lije tells Enderby that he is being framed, that the framer killed Sarton, and that he knows who that person is.
Enderby is skeptical, referencing Lije’s earlier mistake. Enderby lays out the case against Lije . Lije begins to poke holes in the story, starting with using Jezebel instead of Jessie from Clousarr. There is no way Clousarr would use that name, as Jessie hasn’t since Bentley’s birth. Lije then asks the Commissioner for his whereabouts. Enderby rises from his seat in anger and suspends Lije . Lije plows on with his exposition. He has pulled his blaster on Enderby. Daneel then tells Enderby that Dr. Fastolfe is listening in and would like to hear the rest of Lije’s theory. Enderby sinks into his chair.
Lije then accuses Enderby of the murder. Daneel states that the Commissioner couldn’t possibly be a murderer based on his cerebroanalysis. Lije walks through the case, explaining that Enderby gave the blaster to R. Sammy and had him carry the weapon to Spacetown cross country. Enderby then shot Sarton, believing him to be Daneel at the time. Enderby is a member of the Medievalist movement, which is clear from his glasses and windows. Lije then pulls up the film of the crime scene and focuses on the glass from Enderby’s broken spectacles, present at the crime scene before Enderby’s official entry to the scene. The Spacers can confirm the glass is from prescription eyewear by the curvature. Lije solves the case with seconds to spare.
The Commissioner confesses, sliding to the floor. Daneel convinces Enderby to swing the Medievalist movement toward space travel. If he does this, Spacetown will drop the investigation and leave Earth. Enderby agrees. Lije asks if Daneel will stay on Earth, stating, “I didn’t think I would ever say anything like this to anyone like you, Daneel, but I trust you. I even—admire you. I’m too old ever to leave Earth myself, but when schools for emigrants are finally established, there’s Bentley. If someday, perhaps, Bentley and you, together…” (270). Daneel says he might, then turns to Enderby. Daneel states that he is beginning to understand humans more fully. As the men depart, Daneel quotes the Bible passage that Lije told him earlier. Daneel and Lije exit arm in arm.
The final section of the book is devoted to exposition. The murder investigation reaches its conclusion, and Asimov’s thematic exposition illuminates the path he believes humanity should take. The confrontation with Clousarr and the destruction of R. Sammy cause Daneel to divulge the Spacers full agenda to Lije. Lije’s desperation to save himself and his family helps him to look at the case from a new perspective. The final scene with Enderby’s lack of prosecution and Daneel and Lije’s friendship underscores the themes of The Core Difference Between Robots and Humans, Tradition Versus Technology, and The Human Desire to Pioneer.
The final exposition of the novel shows Enderby for who he really is, a coward and a Medievalist. At the novel’s climax, Asimov uses anagnorisis, a moment in a narrative when the protagonist realizes either their own or someone else’s true identity or understands their situation in a new, more complete way. This sudden exposition of identity and motive is a common trope in mysteries. Only in retrospect do the clues come into focus. Lije reaches clarity just in time to save himself from destruction. Enderby’s crime represents a new construct of the C/Fe relationship. The crime could not have been committed by a man alone or a robot alone, but together, Enderby and R. Sammy could overcome their limitations. Their crime shows the darker side of the human–machine relationship.
Lije and Daneel begin their relationship with mistakes and mistrust. Lije suspects Daneel of the murder and accuses him of it on multiple occasions. This initial conflict illustrates the feeling Earth’s general population has about robots. These creations developed by Outer World technology are stealing jobs from hard-working citizens. The mistrust is understandable. As the book concludes, though, Lije has come to rely on and even trust Daneel. The gap between robots and humans grows smaller as they begin to understand each other’s strengths and weaknesses, as stated by Daneel in the power plant. Lije comes to understand the value of having a robot “in the family” and even suggests that Daneel can help Bentley prepare for space exploration. Asimov sets up a contentious relationship that turns into friendship. Asimov uses Lije and Daneel’s relationship to argue that the gap between machines and humans is not so great that it cannot be breached by understanding.
The Spacers believe that humanity’s only hope is to integrate into a fully C/Fe society, knowing that the Earth people who come to it now will bring new strategies to face the challenges of Outer World life. They believe a man like Enderby is perfectly positioned to create the balance between tradition and technology. Enderby has a deeply romantic view of Earth. He imagines going back to the soil like Clousarr. He holds sway in the Medievalist movement, but he has also interacted with robots and used them to his ends, for better and worse. Enderby is a politician; he can subtly push humanity toward renewing space travel. Enderby has no problem turning his attention skyward to romanticize space exploration.
Lije is a far more practical man. His worries are terrestrial. When confronted with his supposed crime, he thinks of the immediate impact on himself and his family, not the global and universal repercussions to his species. Lije’s limited view further demonstrates how insufficient he would be to spread the message of space travel. Yet, Lije subscribes to the practical implications for his family. He wants Bentley to emigrate to an Outer World to escape the caves of steel.
Lije’s growth also includes his ability to create a new C/Fe community of his own. Lije learns to trust Daneel. He even asks Daneel to help his son prepare for moving off the planet, telling him he could go with Bentley to help him settle on a new planet someday. The Lije from the beginning of the novel, skeptical and isolated, now trusts another, a robot even, to help care for his son. Asimov shows that it is possible to have a community in spite of and even with technology.
Though the arc of The Caves of Steel follows familiar tropes of the mystery and science fiction genres, these tropes scaffold a world of possibility for human growth in conjunction with technology. Asimov shows that it is possible to maintain tradition and community in the face of advancement. He goes further to demonstrate how humanity can learn from, trust in, and incorporate technology to grow as a species.



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