The Nurture Assumption: Why Children Turn Out the Way They Do

A direct genetic effect is the direct result (trait) of one’s genes. For example, hair color is a direct genetic effect.

According to Harris’s group socialization theory, children are more influenced by interactions outside of the home—with peers, teachers, and broader culture—than those with parents. This theory maintains parental influence has been overstated by socialization researchers.

An indirect genetic effect occurs when one’s genes indirectly influence development. For example, if a child is handsome—which is a result of genes—adults may treat him better. In turn, this positive treatment might have an effect on the child’s behavior. Harris believes direct and indirect genetic effects constitute heredity, since “they are consequences of the child’s genes” (29).

Harris uses the term “nature” to refer to one’s genes. She believes heredity plays a more significant role in children’s resemblance to parents than has previously been acknowledged.

Harris uses the term “nurture” to refer to non-genetic influence on human development. For example, parenting decisions and peer influence are forms of “nurture.” Harris claims many socialization researchers have equated “nurture” with parenting decisions, discounting other influences.