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Content Warning: This section of the guide includes discussion of illness, death, child death, death by suicide, racism, religious discrimination, pregnancy loss, physical abuse, and emotional abuse.
In The Orphan’s Tale, the bonds of found family offer consolation in a world where traditional families have been shattered by war and betrayal. The novel suggests that survival is not merely a physical act but an emotional one, reliant on the connections characters choose to create out of shared trauma and mutual dependence. These forged relationships, born from desperation, ultimately provide a more resilient and powerful form of salvation than the biological ties lost to the conflict.
This theme begins with the presence of Theo, the Jewish infant Noa rescues. For Noa, creating a maternal bond with Theo fills the void left by the child who was taken from her, giving her a profound purpose beyond her own survival. The second strongest found family bond is between Noa and Astrid. Initially rivals, their relationship evolves into a protective, sisterly bond. Astrid’s initial assessment of Noa is dismissive, but as they train and survive together, she becomes Noa’s staunchest defender, telling the other performers, “We need Noa” (117). This makeshift family unit, composed of two women from rival backgrounds and a child belonging to neither, becomes the novel’s emotional core, illustrating that love and loyalty can be forged in the most unlikely circumstances.
This concept of chosen family extends to the larger circus community, which functions as an alternative support network. Herr Neuhoff acts as a surrogate father figure for both Noa and Astrid, and holds a paternal role for the whole circus, a position made more poignant by the shortcomings of his own son. When he shelters Astrid, he tells her, “You are Zirkus Volk” (33), a phrase that establishes an identity transcending religious persecution and professional competition. He similarly shelters Metz, another Jewish refugee, reinforcing the circus as a haven for those who have lost the protection of biological family. By protecting others, the circus embodies the redemptive power of a community that chooses to define itself as a family, offering a model for survival rooted in collective responsibility and care. This self-definition of the community as a family is also an act of resistance against fascist strictures of the nuclear family, especially for circus people whom the Nazis view as “freaks and oddities” (100). The Neuhoff Circus becomes an extended family for those whose familial, racial, or cultural heritage has been denigrated or destroyed by the regime.
Ultimately, the novel culminates in Astrid’s decision to raise Theo as her own, honoring Noa’s sacrifice and solidifying the idea that the families we build can be as enduring than the ones we lose. The Epilogue’s presentation of the adult Theo and Petra as equal siblings reinforces this message, suggesting that chosen bonds can have equal significance to natural ones.
The Orphan’s Tale explores how a flexible identity can be a necessary mechanism for survival under a totalitarian regime, but one that that blurs the line between truth and deception. The novel argues that while performing a false identity is essential for physical preservation, it can create profound internal conflict and challenge the sense of an integrated or authentic self. In a world where one’s true identity can be a death sentence, the characters must decide who to trust with their true selves.
The primary manifestations of this theme are the deceptions of the main characters. Astrid, born Ingrid Klemt to a Jewish circus family, must erase her heritage to survive. Herr Neuhoff, the circus owner who shelters her, renames her to obscure her past. “Astrid,” he pronounces, and with that single word, a new identity is constructed. This facade is a constant, high-stakes performance that requires her to suppress her grief and fear. Similarly, Noa fabricates the story that the infant Theo is her brother to protect him from being identified as Jewish and to conceal her own past trauma. This lie is a fragile shield, one that Astrid immediately sees through, demanding, “I think you are lying. Theo’s not your brother” (81). Both characters’ deceptions highlight the precariousness of survival when truth is a liability. They also show how deception is a barrier to mutual trust and relational support.
The style of the two protagonists’ narratives help the novel to explore the ambiguity of identities and the differences between the internal and external self. The alternating first-person narratives allow the reader insight into Noa’s and Astrid’s interiority, contrasting what they reveal to one another as their relationship develops. This dramatic irony also supports the novel’s presentation of their dilemmas around truth and lies, as they balance the need for protection with their wish to forge bonds based on trust and mutual understanding.
Although in many ways a minor character, Luc adds an essential element to this theme, through which the novel explores the dilemma of who to trust. Luc presents a different kind of flexible identity: The true nature of his character remains ambiguous until the Epilogue, when it is revealed that he had acted out of principle and was loyal to Noa. Throughout the earlier chapters, the novel shows Luc through the eyes of the naive Noa and the cynical Astrid, offering two alternative and equally valid ways to view him and his conflicting allegiances. These two options highlight the contrasts between the protagonists but also enact the dilemma that they must constantly navigate: who to share their true identities with.
The Orphan’s Tale posits that true courage is found not only in overt acts of rebellion but also in deeply personal sacrifices made to protect the innocent and preserve humanity. The novel defines heroism as an intimate, often unseen struggle, suggesting that the most profound resistance against an inhuman regime is rooted in love and interpersonal responsibility. This perspective shifts the focus from grand, political gestures to the quiet, consequential choices individuals make to shield one another from harm.
The narrative establishes this theme with its inciting incident: Noa’s impulsive rescue of the infant Theo from a boxcar bound for a concentration camp. Her action is not a calculated political statement but a deeply personal and maternal response to an atrocity. In that moment, she risks her own precarious safety for a stranger’s child, an act of selfless humanity that defines the novel’s vision of courage. This quiet heroism is mirrored in Herr Neuhoff’s sustained defiance. He shelters Jewish refugees like Astrid and Metz at immense personal risk, driven by a simple moral conviction. When asked why he would endanger himself for Noa and Theo, he explains, “Two innocents. If we do not help them, they will surely die. I won’t have that on my hands” (54). His courage is not performative; it is a private commitment to preserving life. Herr Neuhoff is also willing to prevaricate and, at times, collude with the Nazis, wearing a swastika pin and performing a Nazi salute when necessary. The novel suggests that these actions can form a necessary part of a person’s courage when done for moral reasons, and may even be a form of self-sacrifice, requiring the suppression of deeply held principles.
The novel contrasts these quiet acts with other forms of defiance, such as Peter’s satirical clown act, which uses art as a form of political resistance. While courageous, Peter’s open mockery of the regime stands in contrast to the more concealed sacrifices of Noa and Herr Neuhoff. The novel shows how his principled refusal to compromise leads to his arrest and, indirectly, the death of Herr Neuhoff and the circus’s decline. While this is not presented as a wrong moral choice, it has far-reaching consequences. By presenting different approaches to resistance, the narrative suggests that self-sacrifice is an equally valid way to show courage when compared to more conventional or performative methods.
The theme culminates in Noa’s ultimate sacrifice during the circus fire. She ensures Astrid and Theo escape the collapsing big top, consciously risking her own life to save her found family. This final, selfless act solidifies the novel’s argument that true heroism is measured by what one is willing to give up for another.



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