The Shadow King

Maaza Mengiste

51 pages 1-hour read

Maaza Mengiste

The Shadow King

Fiction | Novel | Adult | Published in 2019

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Book 1, Chapter 22-Book 2, Chapter 40Chapter Summaries & Analyses

Book 1: “Invasion: 1934” - Book 2: “Resistance”

Book 1, Chapter 22 Summary

Kidane and Bekafa prepare an ambush near Debark. The Italian column is split, and the Ethiopians use the space to their advantage. As they strike, the Italian commander calls his troops to arms. The armies clash. Dawit aims the Wujigra, but it fails to fire, and he is shot, his leg splintering. Kidane prevails in battle but succumbs to nerves afterward.

Book 1, Chapter 23 Summary: “Interlude”

Haile Selassie walks his garden, knowing that civilians are suffering from gas and poison. The specter of his late daughter, Zenebwork, whom he married to a traitor to mend family ties, haunts him. A telegram confirming Kidane and Bekafa’s victory in Debark scares him. He never gave the order to attack. He must contend with both a rebellion and an invasion. He apologizes to Zenebwork, but he cannot change his choices.

Book 1, Chapter 24 Summary: “Photo”

A line of trucks unfolds near Debark. Though the Italian journalist Indro Montanelli, the American journalist Herbert Matthews, and the English novelist Evelyn Waugh each looked at those hills and pronounced Mussolini Ethiopia’s only hope, Hirut knows better. All that came of Mussolini’s war is blood.

Book 1, Chapter 25 Summary

Kidane must move the army quickly. He orders the wounded to be left behind. Hailu is inconsolable over Dawit’s injuries. His shattered leg will not mend, and they cannot spare resources to carry him. Kidane instructs Hirut to tend Dawit, but when the men leave, she sees the Wujigra and leaves Dawit’s side to hide it. Kidane catches her.

Book 1, Chapter 26 Summary: “Chorus”

The Chorus describes Kidane’s rage as his guilt shifts to anger directed at Hirut. Still carrying the rifle, Kidane forces her backward into the cold campfire pit.

Book 1, Chapter 27 Summary

Kidane rages and beats Hirut senseless. Seifu, Aster, and Aklilu try to intervene, but he orders them away. When they are gone, Kidane rapes Hirut.

Book 1, Chapter 28 Summary: “Interlude”

Haile Selassie packs to leave Addis Ababa for Dessie. Italian agents have captured his transmission lines and know where his northern armies will strike. He fixates on a misplaced photograph of his son, Mekonnen. He imagines both his deceased father and the ancient Greek philosopher Simonides reminding him to use his mind’s palace to find the photograph and a way through for his country. He asks his aid to recommend one of the Italian records he has purchased. The aid chooses Aida.

Book 1, Chapter 29 Summary

Kidane prepares to counter-ambush Fucelli. The Emperor has warned Kidane of the leak. Afterward, he will move to Maichew. Again, Aster offers her women as reinforcements. Again, Kidane reminds her of her place. When Aster gathers the women, Hirut remembers that Aster is to blame for Dawit’s death. She is the one who found the Wujigra and set fate in motion.

Book 1, Chapter 30 Summary

Fucelli prepares to ambush Kidane as Kidane prepares a counter-ambush targeting their tanks. Fucelli drives Ibrahim and his men into Kidane’s trap. Kidane’s men sneak aboard the tanks and dispatch each driver with a sword and a single gunshot. Italian planes dump gas to turn the tide.


Ettore leaves his gas mask and retreats, but watches as the planes open fire on the soldiers in the valley. He understands that what he is witnessing is slaughter, not war. In the future, Ettore will try to tell reporters about the gas, but his only evidence will be the gas mask he left behind.

Book 1, Chapter 31 Summary: “Chorus”

Kidane’s lost battle deepens the Emperor’s despair. He listens to Aida. The Emperor chides Aida for her divided loyalties.

Book 1, Chapter 32 Summary

Ettore ruminates on his father’s advice to avoid serving unworthy causes. A priest gathers the troops, but Ettore does not partake of the absolution. A letter arrives from his mother, but Ettore is disheartened to find no letter from his father. He interprets his father’s silence as a signal of disapproval.


Ettore does not know that his father writes but saves the letters for his return. His father cannot write letters to pass the censors and cannot properly convey his concern for his son’s position as a soldier without revealing his own identity: He is not Italian, but an Eastern European Jew who lost his first wife and child to a pogrom. It is too late to warn his son of the dangers of serving a country that will turn on its own.


At Aster’s camp, mourners show respect for the dead. Hirut struggles with guilt for leaving Beniam. Since the gas attack, she has tended the wounded and dying. Her penance is mistaken for devotion.

Book 1, Chapter 33 Summary: “Interlude”

In his cave in Maichew, Haile Selassie plays Aida. He believes Aida holds a clue to the Italians’ defeat. She is a stereotype of a submissive Ethiopian; if this is how the Italian leaders see Ethiopians, then they will not expect an offensive. He prepares a speech and an offensive.

Book 1, Chapter 34 Summary

The Emperor leads a defiant offensive, but it is not enough. Armies receive the order to retreat. Haile Selassie and his family flee Ethiopia.

Book 2, Chapter 35 Summary

Haile Selassie has fled. Kidane must remain near Debark to slow the Italian advance. He can expect no foreign aid and no intervention. Italy claims victory, but Haile Selassie will not surrender, and Kidane chafes at the expectation that he should continue fighting indefinitely.

Book 2, Chapter 36 Summary: “Chorus”

The Chorus rewinds through the events of Kidane and Aster’s wedding night to imagine what might have happened in the absence of duty, tradition, oaths, expectations, and the fatherly advice to dominate.


The camp celebrates the news they will camp permanently near Debark. Kidane has kept the Emperor’s abandonment from them. She and Aklilu lose themselves in the revelry, finding joy in the throes of war.

Book 2, Chapter 37 Summary

The Chorus returns in distinct voices. The first tells of Kidane’s nocturnal assaults on Hirut and of her resistance. Another tells of Hirut’s desire to repress memories of the darkness and her devotion to working in the light. The last voice reminds her that there will be no escape except the one she makes for herself.

Book 2, Chapter 38 Summary

Hirut resists Kidane, but he overpowers her. She reminds him of his promise to her mother, but he violates her again. She curses him loudly enough that the entire camp hears.

Book 2, Chapter 39 Summary

Ferres sends word to Kidane that Fucelli will build a prison near Debark. Ferres is the male persona of Fifi, a spy and courtesan serving Fucelli. He debriefs Seifu’s son, Tariku, and prepares him for a scouting mission to the prison site. The camp will relocate to a more strategic position.


In the women’s camp, Hirut has become a pariah. Hearing the gossip, Aster lashes out at Hirut, insinuating that she traded sex for the Wujigra. When she challenges Hirut to explain what she might do with such a gun, Hirut says she will kill Kidane. Aster threatens to kill her if she does.

Book 2, Chapter 40 Summary

Ibrahim questions Seifu’s son, Tariku. He claims his name is Anbessa, meaning lion, which Ibrahim connects to the Black Lion Resistance. Fucelli orders the boy to hang from the gallows tree and tasks Ettore with documenting his death.

Book 1, Chapter 22-Book 2, Chapter 40 Analysis

In part two Mengiste explores the parallels between Personal and National Identity in Times of Conflict. Mengiste presents Kidane’s rape of Hirut as analogous to Italy’s violation of Ethiopia’s sovereign body, suggesting that war is a national expression of the violence done to women on a personal level. The same dehumanization and drive to uphold an identity constructed from misogynistic and racist points of view underpins both acts of violation. To make this connection, Mengiste must rewrite the ways we think of war and explore the most unpleasant roles women play in war and conflict. Though Mengiste uses epic language to describe the war, rather than using it to glorify the soldiers and their actions, as in the referenced Iliad, she uses it to honor Ethiopia and Hirut’s acts of resistance.


The Italians advance, ignoring clearly established borders. Ettore role as a photographer makes him a witness to war as violation and later, an embodiment of the bystanderism that enables cycles of violation to continue. Though Ettore has joined the army to support the Italian national identity and uphold a vision of Italian might and dominance, he realizes too late that this war has little in common with the glorious battles and strategies of ancient epics. Italy is committing mechanized slaughter, and Ettore realizes he has come in support of a national identity that is a lie. 


Using the epic omniscient narrator, Mengiste describes Ettore’s growing unease with Fucelli, including his choice to use gas and poison on military and civilian targets. However, because of the demands of Fascism, Ettore cannot safely question the horrors he sees and becomes mired in complicity. Mengiste connects past and present by using epic style figurative language to describe the moment when the gas drops on Kidane’s army, contrasting this language with the more detached account Ettore gives to reporters after the war. He retells the story to shape his own identity and distance himself from the fascist identity with which he is complicit. This prismatic view of events reveals that the war and its aftermath continue long after the battle. Just as sexual assault and domestic abuse support narratives of dominance, war is the assertion of one national identity over another.


The exchange between Fucelli and Tariku exemplifies the blending of personal and national identities in war, drawing a parallel between interpersonal violence and larger-scale violations of national identity and sovereignty. The Ethiopian resistance embodies all of Ethiopia, and thus Tariku takes on the symbolic name Anbessa, or lion, in defiance of Fucelli’s coming assault. Fucelli’s cruelty dehumanizes the boy and makes him into an object to be broken. Tariku resists the threat to his personal identity by embodying the spirit of Ethiopia, choosing for himself a symbol of strength and pride as he faces death. Though Fucelli destroys Tariku on a personal level, he is unable to damage the symbol Tariku comes to represent. The duality of identities enables a strong resistance.


Still, women are denied opportunity to identify with Ethiopia, as Kidane relegates Aster to the supply line. With Hirut’s character, Mengiste explores The Role of Women in War and History. Though Kidane tries to break Hirut’s spirit just as Italy tries to break that of Ethiopia, neither Hirut nor her country is willing to give up. With the same epic language and use of the Chorus, Mengiste describes the moment of Kidane’s violation of Hirut’s bodily sovereignty. Kidane’s reasons for the assault are the same as Italy’s reasons for invading. Emasculated by Italy’s ability to defeat his ambush with gas and angry with himself for giving Hirut’s broken rifle to Diwat, Kidane seeks an outlet for his rage and a way to bolster his sense of masculinity and dominance. 


As Italy symbolically crosses International boundaries and retakes Adwa to rewrite the past and bolster the Italian national identity as conquerors, Kidane crosses personal boundaries to reassert his sense of masculinity and control when he rapes Hirut. Mengiste treats both the sexual violence and the wartime violence described in this section with the same figurative language. The omniscient narrator and the Chorus offer a degree of narrative distance from these horrific events while documenting every violation, much like Ettore’s camera. The parallel language and patterns of abuse on the personal and national levels support the argument that both sexual violence and war are attempts to assert a dominant identity through annihilation of an identity that challenges this dominance. Resistance becomes the heroic act of refusing annihilation.

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