51 pages • 1-hour read
Maaza MengisteA modern alternative to SparkNotes and CliffsNotes, SuperSummary offers high-quality Study Guides with detailed chapter summaries and analysis of major themes, characters, and more.
Hirut and Minim encourage the troops as the embodiment of the Emperor and Mother Ethiopia. The women fight for the first time. In battle, Hirut becomes separated from Aklilu. Kidane finds her and tells her to leave as she may be pregnant with his child. Instead, she dares soldiers to shoot her.
Ettore and Mario endure wave after wave of Ethiopians. When Hirut appears, looking shellshocked, Ettore urges her to flee, but Fucelli captures her.
The Chorus tries to soothe Aster, but the violation is too much, and she can only obey the soldier’s commands to dance. Beneath her resignation, rage grows.
Haile Selassie contends with more atrocities. His spy tells him that his people saw him lead a great ambush. His aids bring him Luce’s film of the battle, and he sees Minim, dressed as him, leading the charge.
Hirut tries to help Aster, but she is broken. Fifi worries about the cook, who begged her to help Aster and Hirut. Fifi can do nothing for them and will not take the cook’s basket to them for fear of exposure. The cook insists she can sway Fucelli and shames her for her sexual relationship with him. They part angrily, the cook insisting she must act.
When Fifi complains to Fucelli of the noise and the female warriors’ disruptive effect on the Italian and ascari soldiers, Fucelli turns on her. He accuses her of secrets and uses pressure points to cause her pain. She cannot manipulate their release as the cook suggested.
To undermine the fearful stories and rumors the warrior women have inspired, Fucelli shows Ettore a series of pornographic pictures and implies that all the men need is to be reminded that they are men and the women, women. Each day Ettore observes Hirut and cannot get her to comply or even speak to him.
When Ettore shows her the picture of his parents and uses the Amharic word for dying, Hirut feels rage. She corrects his pronunciation and gives him the words, “My mother and father have died” (341).
On his birthday, Fucelli removes the second belt he has worn since Seifu’s attack and parades the change openly. With Fifi in tow, he fetches Ettore and forces Hirut to comply with a nude photo shoot. Fifi encourages her to stand tall and salute. Aster flails and calls for Kidane when it is her turn, confirming their allegiance.
Ettore distributes the census. Fucelli arranges for him to be absent when the contingent comes to take the Jewish soldiers away. Fucelli buys him a sex worker in a nearby village and Ettore struggles with his conscience as he takes the bribe.
Fucelli and Ettore distribute the nude photographs of Hirut and Aster as postcards. Soon they have a booming business of staged portraits with the warrior women.
Holding a postcard, Kidane hardly recognizes Aster. The men express frustration that Kidane will not raid the prison and is instead waiting for Ferres’s word to attack. Kidane knows his army has doubled. Italian brutality is splintering the ascari. But Ferres tells them to wait.
Fucelli hauls two old priests within earshot of the prison. Hirut hears Fucelli accuse them of burying the rebels’ dead. Ibrahim and Ettore both balk at the order to kill the priests. Hirut tries to give her name to the priests. Ettore is so distraught that he grabs Hirut’s hands as she pulls the barbed wire instead of documenting the priests’ fate.
The Chorus depicts Aster giving a rifle to her beloved friend Getey to protect her from Kidane’s father, who has sexually assaulted her. Kidane steps between Getey and his father and promises to help Getey and her husband, Fasil, escape his father. Hirut fails to understand why Aster treats her as a rival.
Ettore visits Hirut and attempts to explain his situation in limited Amharic. Fucelli calls for Ettore, and even Hirut is moved by his fear. When he leaves, the Ascari on patrol tells Hirut that Fucelli is no good. When she accuses Ettore of the same, he explains that Ettore is just following orders.
Ettore packs, still unnerved by the telegram ordering Fucelli to turn him over to the authorities. Fucelli claims he will write Ettore’s pardon, but as Ettore gathers all his photos and unsent letters in a metal box, he knows he is going to his death.
From the nighttime prison yard Hirut watches Ettore bury the box beneath the tree. When he is done, he sees Hirut watching and uses the Amharic word for secret.
Fucelli invites Fifi to his room to help him forget the guilt of failing Ettore.
The Chorus describes Fifi’s transformation to Ferres beside the sleeping Fucelli. When she leaves his side to wake the cook, she becomes his undoing.
Fifi/Ferres’s message tells Kidane to attack immediately.
Ettore moves to dig up the box and add the letter from his father. Rebels capture him, and Hirut appears. At a command to kill, she knocks him senseless with the butt of a rifle. She and Aster flee.
Kidane’s camp celebrates their return. As the gathered celebrate, Hirut and Aklilu make gestures over their hearts for each other.
Fucelli whips Ibrahim for allowing the prisoners to escape. Fucelli tells Ettore they will claim he fought the rebels off to prove his loyalty as an Italian. To further prove his loyalties, Fucelli ties Ibrahim to the gallows tree, and Ettore whips him. Ibrahim orders the ascari not to cut him down. Ettore documents their vigil and waits for the authorities to take him away.
In the hills above the camp, Ibrahim sees the Emperor flanked by two female guards and knows attack is immanent. He tells his ascari to loosen his ropes and flee.
Kidane’s army calls Ettore and Fucelli by name. Ettore sees the Emperor flanked by Aster and Hirut before the charge. The ascari have fled, and they are quickly routed.
As the first arm of Kidane’s army approaches, Fucelli charges to meet them alone, envisioning the heroic image Ettore will capture with his camera. Aster shoots him in the gut and calls for Seifu to finish him. Hirut sees the cook and Fifi helping Ibrahim traverse the hills as she charges.
Ettore tries to help Fucelli, but the colonel tells him to flee and avoid the authorities. He tells Ettore that his father loved him, and Ettore joins the retreat. He finds Hirut struggling with Kidane’s body, unsure whether she is helping or fighting him. She tells Ettore to leave, and he asks her to retrieve his secrets. She agrees, and Ettore flees.
On the five-year anniversary of his departure, Haile Selassie returns. His wife Menen tells the story of how Aster took up her dead husband’s rifle in Debark and led his armies to many victories.
At the church of St. Giorgis, Minim mourns while the rest of the country rejoices. He is a peasant again. His brave deeds now belong to Haile Selassie.
Hailu, now a respected doctor, visits the photography studio in Piassa where Ettore has worked for 15 years. Ettore begs Dr. Hailu to help him contact Hirut before he leaves. He wants the box he buried beneath the tree before he leaves for Italy. Dr. Hailu agrees to arrange a contact but accepts none of Ettore’s apologies or excuses.
Haile Selassie, now 80, listens to Aida as protestors outside fling stones and call for his ouster. Selassie has a vision in which Aida’s father Amonasro visits him, along with Selassie’s daughter Zenebwork and the philosopher Simonides. Amonasro and Zenebwork beg Selassie to save Aida, and when he will not, Simonides comforts her. The Emperor dresses in peasant garb and flees toward the train station.
Hirut plans to give Ettore the box but not the prized letter. Like Aster’s necklace, she hides it to right an imbalance.
Hirut salutes, and Ettore imagines that Seifu is there to kill him. Instead, a peasant enters the station. Hirut recognizes the Emperor and calls his true names. By telling him the story of her service and naming the many compatriots that won the war for him, she rights an imbalance.
Ettore apologizes, but Hirut tells him to go. She gives Ettore the hidden letter and then escorts the Emperor back to the palace.
In the final section of the novel, Mengiste honors the complexities of resistance and its cost. While the victory of Kidane’s army against Fucelli is not the war’s final battle, it functions as a coda to the story Mengiste is telling—one that deemphasizes treaties and political dealings in favor of the smaller victories that come through coordinated resistance. By ending the novel on the eve of the Ethiopian Revolution, Mengiste suggests that war persists because misogyny, colonialism, and racism persist. It is an illusion to think of the war as over when it lives in body and memory. Even when the fighting ends, Mengiste illustrates that the trauma remains, making resistance the only heroic aspect of war. Still, Mengiste is clear that while resistance is a necessary response to oppression, it comes at a high personal cost.
Hirut is a clear example of the heroic act of resistance and the sacrifices that come with it. She transcends her victimhood by taking on the role of the Emperor’s guard. By assuming the symbolic image of Mother Ethiopia, Hirut embodies the conflation of Personal and National Identity in Times of Conflict. In the eyes of her fellow resistance fighters, Hirut is synonymous with Ethiopia. Still, in her personal life, she is never entirely free from Kidane’s influence. Though she has moved camps and no longer must resist his nightly sexual assaults, he finds her in battle and urges her to flee in case she is pregnant with his child. This confrontation triggers her past victimization and projects its consequences into the future, illustrating the lasting consequences of violence despite successful resistance. Like the war’s lasting influence on Ethiopia, Kidane’s sexual violence has the power to leave a generational consequence.
Though Hirut and Aster have escaped Kidane, neither woman is safe from further victimization. They endure both the physical assault of soldiers on their bodies and the assault to their symbolic image as Mother Ethiopia. Ettore and Fucelli use pornographic pictures to destroy their personal identities and symbolically, Ethiopia’s national identity. In taking these pictures, Ettore forfeits any claim to the status of a bystander. He is not merely documenting other people’s war crimes; in this case, the pictures themselves are the crime. Their purpose is to erase The Role of Women in War and History by portraying Hirut and Aster not as resistance fighters but as sexual objects. These pictures will outlive Hirut and Aster, illustrating that for them, and for women everywhere, there is no end to the war on bodies through sexual assault and domestic violence, just as the First Italo-Ethiopian War did not permanently end Italy’s efforts to colonize Ethiopia. Even when both Fucelli and Kidane perish in the battle at the Debark prison, the consequences of war and the need for resistance remain
In the final book, Reunions, Mengiste explores and honors the ongoing, generational resistance of those who survived the war. By ending on the eve of the Ethiopian revolution and creating a reunion between the remaining characters, Mengiste models the cyclical nature of war and resistance. Ettore cannot atone for his crimes, and neither can Haile Selassie atone for the choices he made as leader. Both passively accept the consequences of their actions and prepare to leave their posts. Hirut, who embodied resistance in the war, must stand and resist again.
In naming the victims and those whose efforts created the Shadow King and won the war, Hirut resists erasure. She will not allow Haile Selassie to take credit for their combined efforts, nor will she allow Ettore’s careless labels to rob women, peasants, or victims of the role they played in the war. She also resists the urge to pity the men whose actions and inactions caused so much suffering. She does not allow Ettore the satisfaction of absolving his crimes even as he forces her to hear his own victimhood. She also returns Haile Selassie to the palace to face imprisonment and death, thus refusing to allow him to escape the consequences of his actions. Finally, and perhaps most importantly, she resists the temptation to victimize her aggressor when she returns Ettore’s letter. Through this circular narrative and the actions of Hirut, Mengiste illustrates the lasting impact of war and uplifts The Role of Women in War and History for their unyielding resistance to ongoing violence.



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