69 pages • 2-hour read
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Content warning: This section of the guide includes discussion of antigay bias and racism.
George Walker sets out on the 200 acres passed down to him by his father to hunt a mysterious animal that has eluded him since childhood. He meets two poorly dressed young Black men in the woods. Prentiss, who George thinks is the age of his own son Caleb, steps forward and explains that they got lost in the woods. George only gets a glimpse of the second man, Landry, who does not speak and whom George thinks is "simple" because of his expressionless face. Even though the men are trespassing, George does not care. The men explain that they used to be enslaved by Ted Morton, whose land borders George’s.
George tells Prentiss that he is chasing a large black beast whose memory has haunted him since he and his father hunted it in his childhood. George suddenly becomes uncomfortable in the woods with the two men and tells them his wife will be calling for help. The men reveal that they have been wandering the woods for nearly a week with only a few minor provisions provided by Morton.
George entertains a rush of memories of his son Caleb, culminating in the moment he sent him off to the front lines and concluding with Caleb’s friend August coming to the house to tell him of Caleb’s death. George is disturbed by August’s appearance, as if the war was already long in the past.
After Prentiss and Landry finish eating a rabbit they caught in a snare, they help George out of the woods. George confesses that he has not told his wife Isabelle of Caleb’s death. Prentiss offers to help George track the animal the next day. George declines the offer and stumbles back to his cabin.
The next morning Isabelle makes breakfast and asks George questions about his appetite, trying to engage him in conversation about his night. As they eat breakfast quietly, Isabelle reflects on George’s condition from the night before, but honors his wishes to keep the pursuit of the creature a secret since she has her own secret. She tells George that they have not been honest with one another. One day after hanging laundry, she saw a man trying to steal George’s socks. When she went to collect the laundry, she felt the presence of someone and saw a tall Black man watching her. She knew there might be a danger but also felt disappointed when the man did not return. There is a mystery in the man Isabelle wishes to figure out. Two days later the man returned, and she watched his movements from the house. She approached the man, and he did not run but clutched the socks as if they were his only possession. She asked him what he was doing, but he said nothing, and she observed his jaw simply hanging open with no words. She felt uncomfortable because since Caleb went off to war, her entire social life had come undone. She told the man to take the socks, but he put them back and disappeared into the forest.
George reveals that he may have met the man and tells Isabelle that he is harmless. George then tells Isabelle about Caleb.
Landry finishes what is left of the rabbit they caught, and Prentiss tells him it is time to visit the camps to see their people. Prentiss worries about his brother, who was always cautious and unwilling to venture into the unknown. Knowing that it would not be good to see their old enslaver and those who chose to stay at Morton’s, Prentiss made sure not to walk the road until they were well out of sight of Majesty’s Palace. Prentiss reflects on true emancipation and how he expects the pomp and circumstance (bugles and lots of men). A week earlier a few Union soldiers came to Morton’s to announce the enslaved people’s freedom. Morton pleaded with those he enslaved to stay with him but then called them all hopeless. They note the beauty of the homes on their way, noting that the plague of excess had gotten to the town as well as Morton. When they come to the town of Old Ox, Landry refuses to go any further.
The narrator tells the story of how one day at lineup two of the enslaved people, Little James and Esther, were missing. When Morton asked if anyone knew where they were, he warned them that if his day started off badly it would be bad for everyone. He claimed that he was a righteous, innocent man, so he decided there should be one enslaved person who at the end of each month would bear the whippings for the wrong doings of everyone. When Morton asked for a volunteer, Landry inadvertently scratched his arm, so Morton picked him. Landry would take the beatings for anyone who worked too slowly or slept too long, and eventually Morton broke his jaw.
They know they are near the camps when they pass the bodies, some covered by leaves and others by rubbish from the town. The town was populated by tents, adults sitting and visiting or sleeping, and children without shoes playing in the street. While walking, Landry disappears off the path, and when Prentiss finds him he sees that Landry has discovered a pond from which he drinks.
Old Ox is a continually changing village. It had burnt down twice but rebounded, and businesses come and go, either because of fire or unpaid debts. There are a lot of people overwhelming the town, which challenges its decency. Old buildings mixed with new dot the landscape, and small nooks and crannies between buildings no bigger than a cage to house a dog shelter the poor, who are white men returning from war and some freedmen.
George enters Ezra Whitley’s shop. Ezra was close to George’s father Benjamin and took care of George’s parents’ finances when they moved to Georgia. George and Ezra discuss the Union soldiers and the freedmen gathering in town praying for their freedom or to survive their difficult plight, which Ezra calls an abomination. Ezra reiterates that he sleeps with one eye open while George can retire to the country. George has been relying on selling parcels of his land rather than working. Ezra is interested in buying up land, and Ezra asks why George has decided not to sell his land. George tells him his son is dead. George explains that he wishes to keep what he has and do something meaningful with it. Ezra instructs him to return to his wife, who has kept silent since George told her of Caleb’s death. George feels that Ezra is deceitful, shelving his wishes for another day.
George passes Ted Morton’s place and thinks about the fountain placed at the front of the property, its water encroaching on public land. Morton tells George that he had one of his enslaved men trained to take care of the fountain, but that man left. The accents around the home were fragile and in constant need of upkeep. With the enslaved men being freed, it was a lonely place with not many people. George feels judged because of his northern roots. Morton talks about still having some enslaved people to work, but other owners in the area have lost all of their enslaved workers.
When he returns home, George thinks he sees Isabelle’s figure watching him, but he realizes he doesn’t. He places his bags by the backdoor, takes out a pair of socks he purchased at the market and returns into the woods to repay a debt.
Prentiss and Landry return to their make-shift camp in the woods, and while Prentiss is preparing dinner for Landry, he sees George Walker. George tells Prentiss and Landry that his wife saw Landry taking the socks from the clothesline and that he has brought Landry the pair of socks he purchased while in town. George asserts that the gesture is a repayment for their help the night before. Prentiss thanks George for his graciousness and tells him they would be leaving and moving for the camps up the road. George is surprised to hear that they will be leaving and reminds Prentiss that he had volunteered to help George hunt the mysterious animal. George asks Prentiss to join him on a stroll on his way home. He is tired, but given George’s graciousness, he decides to indulge him.
George asks Prentiss if he is familiar with cultivating peanuts. George explains that he needs to cultivate the land and make enough money to keep it. He proposes that he, Prentiss, and Landry go into business together working the land. Prentiss thinks George is asking out of loneliness but explains that he already had an enslaver and is not interested in finding another one. George offers him the same pay he would hire anyone, lodging, and proper clothing. Prentiss again says that he cannot be of help. George offers to bring the men some stew, and Prentiss asks him why he cannot take no for an answer. George backs off and turns back to head home. Prentiss realizes that George is fragile and tells Landry he did not mean to be rude and tried to be polite, but “they always tryin’ you” (36).
Isabelle stays in Caleb’s room. Not knowing how else to console his grieving wife, George offers her a bowl of stew. When she does not answer, he returns downstairs to eat by himself. He is unsure if she is silent because he waited so long to tell her about Caleb’s death or if this is her way of grieving. The narrator notes that Isabelle appears downstairs on occasion, but she has become a ghost to George.
The next morning, Mildred Foster, Isabelle’s oldest friend, comes to the door to see for herself if Isabelle is shut up in the room by her own choice. When Mildred yells to Isabelle, she does not answer. As Mildred leaves, Isabelle comes down the stairs, walks past George, and embraces Mildred. George watches the embrace but cannot hear what the two talk about.
George feels trapped by the memories the cabin evokes and decides to go for a walk. He regrets the way he spoke to Prentiss about working the land and sets out to a familiar area where his father Ben had first told him about the elusive beast. He still remembers his father’s description of the animal—a black coat of fur, fluid movements, walking upright until detected then dropping to all fours, and most haunting of all was its milky white marble eyes. When Ben would see the animal, he would run, though he often regretted his fear. George chalked up these trips into the forest as an education in learning the land until he saw the beast for himself through his bedroom window.
His memory is interrupted by Isabelle, who yells to him from the porch. She asks him to send a telegram explaining Caleb’s death to her brother Silas. He agrees to take it in the morning and then asks Isabelle if she would like to read with him. She denies his request and returns to her upstairs room. As he weeps by the kitchen sink, he hears a voice coming from outside the cabin. He sees Landry and Prentiss coming out of the woods. Prentiss explains to George that Landry refuses to leave because he is obsessed with George’s previous offer of stew. George notices that Landry looks particularly underfed and lanky compared to when he last saw him. He does not have any more stew, but he offers the men eggs. George fixes a full meal for them as they sit on the steps of the porch.
Prentiss asks George about the land he wishes to cultivate. Prentiss explains that he and his brother need money to move north. George assures them he would pay what he would pay any man to do the work, regardless of color. The men leave, and George returns to the house and decides to stay downstairs in his armchair for the night.
The next morning Prentiss and Landry arrive at the Walkers’ cabin. George notices their ragged appearance, and Isabelle recognizes Landry as the man she encountered at the clothesline. Prentiss apologizes for his brother and tells Isabelle that he has taken an interest in her property. When Isabelle goes inside, George follows her and explains his plans for the land. George feels helpless and lost, but with the men’s, who themselves are looking for a new start after leaving Morton’s farm, help he could turn the land into something useful.
George receives a small loan from Ezra, and when George arrives home, Prentiss and Landry are ready to begin clearing the land. George is reminded of his bad leg, but he insists on learning how to do the work for after the men leave. The men take turns chopping trees, but George finds it difficult to keep up with them. He pays the men a dollar a day, even when occasionally they abandon the work to go for a walk.
One day when they are sitting on a felled tree, George tells them about the mysterious animal he used to hunt with his father. George then explains what happened to Caleb, and Prentiss tells George that he lost his older cousin, who was sold; his mother, who was sent away when her shaking hands no longer made her useful to work; and his father, who died when his mother was pregnant with Landry.
When the men return to the house, Isabelle pours each of them a glass of lemonade. Prentiss believes she does not mind them being there, and George views the act as a truce since she has not previously interacted with the men. After the men return to the barn and George comes home, George goes upstairs and notices the door to Caleb’s room is open. He is tempted to enter Caleb’s room, but the memories of his son in the room keep him from entering.
That evening, for the first time since the news of Caleb’s death, Isabelle sits beside George to eat, and while her joyous demeaner has yet to return, her daily activities are returning to normal. Each day George expects the men to have left with whatever money they earned, but each morning they arrive at the porch ready to work.
One morning while cutting a fallen tree, George hears the howling of a child. When the men run toward the cabin and into the clearing, George hears Isabelle moaning and sees her embracing Caleb. He freezes in place and examines the scene. He touches Caleb’s cheek and insists that they go inside.
The novel’s first seven chapters outline the significant impact pre- and post- antebellum society had on family and small-town American culture. From families dealing with the loss of their sons in battle to the struggles of freedmen and the overwhelming changes in industry brought on by the war’s end, every conceivable facet of American life changed in a short period. Harris’s careful development of flashback, symbol, and conflict in these chapters provides readers with a snapshot of the clash of American values during a time of significant cultural change in the American South.
Harris’s use of flashback underscores family values in times of war. The most significant event in the first seven chapters is Caleb’s assumed death while serving the Confederate army in the Civil War and the sudden revelation at the end of Chapter 7 that he is still alive. George’s flashbacks to Caleb as a child and the sight of him leaving for war with August weigh heavy on his mind, so much so that he confesses to Prentiss and Landry that he could not bear to tell his wife the news of her son’s death. When George finally tells Isabelle, she becomes cold and distant, locking herself in an upstairs room and cutting off all her social activity. The narrator says, “August and Caleb had left Old Ox in their clean butternut grays and polished boots, and George expected his son to return a muddied, threadbare savage; foresaw himself and Isabelle as the dutiful parents who would nurse him back to normalcy” (8). While both George and Isabelle grieve over Caleb’s death, they do not turn to each other for support. The distance in their relationship is noted multiple times, even by Caleb himself once he returns home.
During the time Caleb is believed dead, George turns to Prentiss, who he thinks resembles Caleb, and Landry for companionship by inviting them to live in his barn and work his land. Harris presents readers with important flashbacks as George daydreams about the times he spent with his father hunting an unknown animal in the forest. These dreams and visions of the mysterious animal continue to haunt George as he copes with the loss of his son. Harris’s flashbacks, however, do not only focus on George and Isabelle. The familial relationship between Prentiss and Landry is also at the heart of the novel’s opening chapters. The brothers spent their youth working the Morton farm, next door to George’s property. The two brothers are inseparable and protective of one another.
Symbolism in the opening chapters also provides the foundation for Harris’s novel. The most obvious symbol is George. He is not skilled, but he exudes passion. George is a man rooted in Northern beliefs but impacted by Southern ideals during the war. George symbolizes the balance between North and South in the shadows of the Civil War. George, whose family roots tie him to the North, as his parents moved him to the South from Nantucket when he was young, is in instant conflict with Ted Morton, an enslaver whose farm, Majesty’s Palace, borders George’s property. George refers to Morton as a dimwit and “a man who, if offered a fiddle, would be as liable to smash it against his own head to hear the noise as put a bow to its strings” (4). When George meets Prentiss and Landry in the woods, he recalls how awful Morton was to enslaved people and what would happen when someone escaped. The narrator says, “the ensuing spectacle, rife with armed overseers and large-snouted dogs, lanterns of such illumination that they kept the entire household awake, was so unpleasant that George often deferred all communications with the family to Isabelle just to avoid the ordeal” (4). Clearly, George is an outsider, unable to engage in and embrace the ways of his enslaver neighbors. This idea carries through the entire novel as George continually protects the brothers’ welfare.
Working through the grief and guilt of losing Caleb, George recognizes something of himself in the two former enslaved men. “But to find Morton’s former property on his land now,” the narrator asserts, “carried with it a welcome irony: Emancipation had made the buffoon helpless to their wanderings, and for all his great shows of might, these two men were now free to be as lost as George was in this very instance” (4). George’s bond with Prentiss and Landry is the burden of freedom, the consequences of having to find oneself in the ever-changing world around them. The loss of Caleb and the loss of Isabelle to her own silence of grief, forces George to find his own way in the forest, much like Prentiss and Landry. This freedom becomes much clearer when George and the brothers work together to make something meaningful out of the woods—the peanut farm.
George’s position as an outcast in the old South is shown in his interactions with Ted Morton. When passing by Majesty’s Palace, he cannot help but observe the fragile, decaying nature of the property’s elegant ornamental decorations. “It was large enough to demand constant upkeep, its gilded accents so fragile that they seemed made more for tending to than anything else” (42). The fountain at the entrance to the farm announces not only the elegance of the estate, but it also represents the intrusion such a place has on the public. With the water leaking from the fountain into the street, the narrator says, “this struck George as an act of decadence, an intrusion on public land, and moments like this one—the trickle streaming beneath his donkey Ridley’s feet, caking dirt into his hooves—brought with them the hum of contempt he routinely felt toward the man” (41). This intrusion aligns with George’s memory of the way Morton’s men would cross onto his property to search for fugitives from enslavement. The two properties side-by-side represent the North and South—the decaying enslaving plantation juxtaposed with the promise of a new beginning where white and Black men will work together. However, places like Majesty’s Palace are fragile yet elegant. There is a decaying fountain at the entry because the enslaved man who took care of it has been freed. It is cracking and slowly disintegrating—an image of the South’s reaction to the loss of the manual labor enslaved people provided.
Harris’s commentary on the transition from antebellum to postbellum culture in the American South is most symbolic in these chapters. When Prentiss reflects on the choice to be free, he is disappointed by the lack of fanfare in celebration of the emancipation: “The notion of true emancipation had always seemed so fantastical that, were it to occur, Prentiss had expected the heralds of a bugle, rows of men in lockstep who would descend upon Majesty’s Palace like angels brought down to serve the aims of God himself” (23). Instead of the romanticized image of bugles and joyous eruption, the moment is treated like another ordinary day. Even after the enslaved people are freed, they do not feel like they belong in their community. Prentiss and Landry hideout in George’s woods, slink around town as if being watched, and go hungry.
The town of Old Ox also holds significant symbolism in these opening chapters: “George recalled the circular he’d found on his front porch, proclaiming the town of Old Ox an asset of the North, as ordered by President Lincoln [. . .]” (43). As a small Southern town, it has experienced its share of conflict. According to the narrator, the town has nearly met its demise on several occasions during the war “but its resilience could not be called into question, for each passing resurrection gave it more life than its past selves could ever claim to have” (35).The upper class seem to survive the ebb and flow of economic status during the war, but with soldiers returning home and enslaved people being freed, the town feels like it is in a conflict of its own. The narrator asserts that “the original row of homes [ … ] found ways to survive when others languished. The landscape felt expansive, yet the flow of people was suffocating and the surplus unraveled what little thread of decency there’d once been in the place” (36).
The descriptions of Old Ox as well as George’s conversation with his father’s long-time friend Ezra suggest a conflict between excess and poverty in post-Civil War culture. When Prentiss walks through Old Ox, he sees the freedmen and soldiers who have returned from war sleeping in tents and begging in the streets: “They accumulated as the road went on, a few covered by the broad leaves of the crab apple trees scattered about, others by discarded rubbish found in town—a collection of men and women sleeping off a lifetime of toil” (29). The narrator continues, “Rows of tents, most made with nothing more than blankets clasped together, sat beside one another. Shoeless children played in the trees while their parents slept or visited with the others” (29).
Mayor’s Row, decent homes belonging to the town’s elite, sits just off the path where residents of Old Ox experience poverty. Old Ox is a symbol of the mixing of cultures in the South following the war. George also demonstrates this point when Ezra asks him why he doesn’t sell the remainder of the land. George says he wants to make something meaningful out of his land.



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