58 pages 1-hour read

Abdulrazak Gurnah

Theft

Fiction | Novel | Adult | Published in 2025

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Part 1, Chapters 1-5Chapter Summaries & Analyses

Content Warning: This section of the guide includes discussion of gender discrimination, rape, emotional abuse, death, child death, child abuse, bullying, mental illness, illness, sexual harassment, pregnancy loss, and sexual content.

Part 1, Chapter 1 Summary

Seventeen-year-old Raya’s marriage to Bakari Abbas, a divorced building contractor in his forties from Pemba, is hurriedly arranged after her father witnesses a young revolutionary soldier named Rafik paying conspicuous attention to her in the street. Rafik, a neighbor’s son who joined the Umma Party and received military training in Cuba, participated in the recent revolution and is now known for terrorizing citizens and seducing young women. Fearing family dishonor, Raya’s father consults his elder brother, Hafidh, and together they choose Bakari as her husband. Raya, instructed on marital submission and seeing no real choice, agrees to preserve her family’s honor. She suppresses any thought of Rafik.


On her wedding night, Raya is shocked by Bakari’s aggressive advances. Though amiable in public, he is curt and sexually relentless with her, sometimes demanding her body several times a day. His demands become humiliating, and Raya learns to manage the abuse by anticipating him and occasionally fighting back verbally. A year after the wedding, Rafik is killed in a violent purge.


After the birth of a son, Karim, Bakari’s rages intensify. Fearing for her child’s safety, Raya flees with three-year-old Karim to her parents’ home in Unguja and refuses to return. She ignores Bakari’s threats and his citations of civil and religious law demanding their son’s return. He cuts her off financially, but Raya, too ashamed to reveal the full extent of his cruelty, forbids her father and uncle from seeking money from him.


Raya and Karim move into her parents’ cramped, sour-smelling two-room apartment. Her mother takes over much of Karim’s care, which brings Raya relief. Her frail but domineering father is unhappy. Raya recalls his gift for storytelling; during her childhood, he regaled her with tales, including one about a magnetic mountain that disarmed would-be attackers of their weapons. His stories dried up after the revolution, replaced by grievances. The change began after Suleman, Hafidh’s son, joined a new paramilitary police force. During the revolution’s opening violence, the British commander left the teenage recruits unarmed in their barracks, and the unit was massacred. Suleman’s body was not found among the dead or wounded, and he was counted among the disappeared. Raya’s father now demands constant massages from his wife.


At 21, having learned from her marriage, Raya resists serving him. She feels increasing detachment from Karim, associating him with her troubled times. Her father pressures her to return to Bakari or remarry for Karim’s sake, but she silently dismisses his advice.

Part 1, Chapter 2 Summary

Karim has an older half-brother, Ali, whose mother, Mamkuu, divorced Bakari Abbas when Ali was eight. Three years later, Bakari married Raya. When three-year-old Karim and his mother arrive in Unguja, Ali is 15 and still in school but loves skipping class to fish with friends. He is sharp-featured like his father but shorter and stockier, with a mischievous, glowing face. He excels at mimicking teachers, once earning a blow from the violent mathematics teacher he was parodying.


The brothers have little contact at first because of their age difference and because their mothers do not get along. Raya suspects that Mamkuu despises her for marrying Bakari. As years pass, they connect through holiday visits and chance meetings. Ali finishes school and joins the customs police. Karim attends the same school and excels academically. Teachers remember Ali as a troublemaker but praise Karim as talented and obedient. The headmaster visits their home to tell Raya that Karim is exceptional. Ali is proud and protective of his younger brother.


Raya works at a clothing store and gradually detaches from Karim, leaving his care to her mother (his grandmother). The grandmother wakes him for school, tends his injuries, and listens to the stories he reads from his books. As Karim grows taller than Ali, his brother takes him swimming and to football matches. When Karim is in secondary school, their father dies at 58 from heart failure, after years of illness. Karim, forbidden contact with his father, feels regret rather than grief. He reflects on his parents’ neglect and vows to be a better father if he ever has children.


Ali, by contrast, had visited his father regularly. Bakari’s will leaves the business to Ali and the house to his third wife; Karim, Raya, and Mamkuu receive nothing. Ali sells the business, and using the money, he and his wife, Jalila, buy a small house. Raya has been gradually moving out, renting her own room because the family home feels stifling. A few months after Bakari’s death, Karim’s grandmother dies suddenly. Raya tells Karim that he must stay to look after his grandfather, as she cannot return. Unbeknownst to Karim, Raya has been in a year-long affair with Haji Othman, a pharmacy owner from Dar es Salaam. When Karim is nearly 15, Raya marries Haji and moves away. His grandfather goes to live with Hafidh’s family, and Karim moves in with Ali and Jalila, who welcome him warmly and give him the large downstairs room. Ali encourages him to take advantage of his good school, which government officials’ children attend. Jalila fusses over him and boasts about his talents.


Two years later, at 17, Karim visits his mother in Dar es Salaam for the first time since she left. He travels by ferry, with Ali seeing him off. He properly meets Haji, who is amiable and cheerful. They live upstairs in a house shared with Haji’s “gloomy, silent” father, who lives downstairs. Karim sees the old man smile radiantly once and wonders if he is unwell, so unexpected is the sight. Raya and Haji have an openly loving relationship. They employ a gardener, Juma, who visits weekly, and a cleaning woman, Farida, though Raya dislikes having servants. Farida asks Karim if Raya is his mother and seems exhausted. Karim spends the month exploring the city, enjoying new freedom. He reconnects with his mother, who is more affectionate but still avoids discussing his father.


Karim spends his last two school years with Ali and Jalila. Jalila gives birth to a son, Ibrahim. Karim earns a scholarship to study geography and environmental studies at the University of Dar es Salaam. He lives in a shared campus room his first year, visiting Raya and Haji occasionally for meals. Haji repeatedly invites him to move in, but Karim prefers his freedom. A fellow student from Unguja, Seif, pranks him with fake love letters. Karim reflects on his and his friends’ sexual innocence.


In his second year, Karim moves in with Raya and Haji. His room overlooks the garden, where he observes the easy friendship between Juma and Haji’s father. Farida falls ill and cannot return to work. After Raya complains about housework, Haji buys a washing machine, which becomes a topic of affectionate bickering. By year’s end, Karim tires of the long commute and misses campus life. Moreover, he feels Haji’s silent disapproval when he returns home late. He applies for campus accommodation for his final year without telling them.

Part 1, Chapter 3 Summary

Several days before Ramadan, 13-year-old Badar and his father travel by bus from their village to town. Badar’s father remains silent throughout the journey. They walk through crowded streets to a prosperous house near a large mosque. An elderly, clean-shaven man whom his father calls Uncle Othman lets them in. Badar trips on the threshold, which he takes as a bad sign. After a brief conversation, his father tells Badar to stay with Uncle Othman, who is Haji’s father, and leaves without another word, leaving Badar confused about whether this is permanent.


Haji’s father leads Badar to the back of the house and leaves him with Raya, who is making sesame bread. The cheerful Haji Othman arrives home for lunch. Afterward, Raya tells Badar to wash the dishes and gives him the leftovers to eat. She shows him his room, a storeroom in the kitchen block, and instructs him to clean the kitchen and yard. Badar understands that he has been brought to work as their servant. That night, alone in the dark storeroom, he has a panic attack and sobs.


He recalls his adoptive mother telling him that his birth mother died of cholera when he was a baby. His birth father, Ismail, left him with them before going to seek work in Mombasa and disappeared. The adoptive mother often reminded him that he was a burden, and his adoptive father, Mohamed Rashidi, treated him with disdain and waved him out of his sight. His adoptive brother, Omari, mocked and hit him, calling him names. His adoptive sister, Aysha, bullied him and recently accused him of peeping on her while she dressed. Badar suspects that this accusation prompted his being sent away. He concludes that his adoptive family disliked him intensely and always feared that they would abandon him.


In the darkness, he sees a recurring nightmare figure: a white, segmented, worm-like creature with a smiling human face and dark blue marble eyes. It shakes its head from side to side. Though he no longer fears that it will smother him, its presence makes him anxious. Despite his fear and misery, as he falls asleep, he feels a small stirring of anticipation for what the next day will bring.

Part 1, Chapter 4 Summary

Sixteen-year-old Fauzia “[knows] her mother’s anxious look well” (56). Fauzia’s mother, Khadija, worries constantly about footsteps, voices, shortages, and violence, but especially about Fauzia. Only Fauzia’s father, Musa, called Ba, can sometimes calm her, though not always. The source of Khadija’s anxiety is that Fauzia had the “falling sickness” (epilepsy) for three years in childhood. Her last seizure was at age six, a decade earlier, but Khadija still fears its return. She tenses if Fauzia catches her breath unexpectedly.


Fauzia hates hearing her mother’s vivid descriptions of her childhood seizures and leaves the room when she begins. Musa typically interrupts Khadija, telling her that the worrying is harmful and makes Fauzia feel like an “invalid.” He reminds her that Fauzia has been checked regularly and that the illness has not returned. Khadija admits that she cannot help worrying.


Fauzia discovers that telling her mother what she learns at school soothes her. Khadija listens with rapt attention to lessons about planets, Earth’s revolution, or a cow’s four stomachs, which she calls elimu za dunia. Khadija reveals that she was taken out of school as a girl to care for her ailing parents, who both lived for several more years before passing away. When Fauzia was younger, Khadija sometimes lay on the floor of her room at night, humming and singing softly. Khadija makes all their clothes, favoring pale floral designs for Fauzia to make her look happy.


Fauzia was diagnosed at age three. The first doctor warned them to avoid shocks that might trigger seizures. Others offered various explanations for the illness, from divine will to the evil eye. The memory of having lost control of her bladder and bowels during seizures brings Fauzia shame, though her mother says that it only happened at home. Her last episode, just before starting school, involved trembling, dizziness, and a brief fall. Her mother’s warning that anxiety could trigger an attack made her dread school, but she took to it happily.

Part 1, Chapter 5 Summary

Khadija sometimes wishes that her daughter were different but knows that this thought is sinful. She believes that Fauzia’s illness is her fault. She reflects on her perceived weaknesses: being unable to nurse Fauzia and unable to have more children. She lost her first pregnancy during the same month that their farm was taken away amid a violent uprising. Two years later, she lost another pregnancy and experienced prolonged bleeding for weeks. Ten years passed before she became pregnant with Fauzia. After a difficult delivery, she and Musa decided to have no more children, and a doctor prescribed contraceptive pills.


The local hospital doctor could do nothing for Fauzia’s illness beyond prescribing a pink liquid that made her sleep but did not stop the seizures. Musa consulted his sister, Sahar, and her husband, Mahmud, who live in Mombasa. They recommended Dr. Sharifa, an Egyptian children’s specialist. Khadija and Musa took Fauzia to see her, staying with relatives to save on expenses. The private treatment was costly, and Khadija suspects that Musa borrowed money to pay for it. Dr. Sharifa explained that there was no cure but prescribed pills that would help calm Fauzia and control seizures. The pills helped control Fauzia’s final seizure, which occurred just before she started school. They continued expensive check-ups in Mombasa, first yearly and then every two years.


As Fauzia grew into a healthy, radiant teenager, Khadija’s anxiety eased somewhat, but she still worries that people will remember Fauzia’s illness and warn men away from marrying her. She reflects that her husband, Musa, who is nearly twice her age and now in his mid-sixties, has a “serenity” born of “resignation” to life’s losses: his first wife and child, and the farm. Khadija concludes that she is simply a worrier by nature, perhaps because her mother was frightened when she gave birth to her.

Part 1, Chapters 1-5 Analysis

These opening chapters establish the novel’s concern with The Burden of Fragmented History as personal and political traumas create voids in family narratives that shape the next generation. On the societal level, the consequences of the Zanzibar Revolution cascade through the characters’ lives. For Raya’s father, the presumed death of his nephew, Suleman, during the uprising transforms him from a gifted storyteller into a man of “injustices and grievances” (10). This end to storytelling is symbolic, representing the replacement of cultural history with the silence of trauma. Consequently, characters like Karim and Badar inherit fractured or deliberately obscured pasts. On a personal level, Raya’s silence about Bakari denies Karim a complete history, leaving him to reflect on a relationship he never had. Badar receives a curated history from his adoptive mother that enforces his status as a burden and rationalizes his eventual abandonment. This pattern of omission and distortion shapes the characters’ relationship to history; instead of providing them with self-knowledge, the past is a source of mystery and ill-defined pain.


The narrative structure mirrors the fragmentation of history. The shifts in point of view often create an atmosphere of disorientation, as in the transition from Karim’s relatively stable world in Chapter 2 to Badar’s abrupt displacement in Chapter 3. More broadly, by presenting each character’s story in isolation before their lives intersect, the narrative emphasizes the subjective and partial nature of experience. Characters who are central to one narrative become peripheral figures in another. To Raya, Karim is a reminder of her suffering and a responsibility she gradually sheds; to Ali, Karim is an intelligent younger brother to be protected. For Haji and Raya, Badar is simply “the boy,” a servant defined by his household function whose complex history is unknown to them. This technique suggests that reality is simply the composite of overlapping, often contradictory, personal histories.


Power is among the factors that shape these individual narratives, inflecting how characters relate to one another even in the most personal relationships. In particular, societal expectations structure familial dynamics in ways that blur the line between care and control. This is particularly evident when those expectations intersect with traditional gender roles. For instance, Raya’s father and uncle arrange her marriage out of a perceived obligation to protect her honor but end up trapping her in an abusive relationship, which suggests that even the “benevolent” patriarchal framing of women as vulnerable ultimately does more harm than good. The duties of kinship are similarly fraught. Ali and Jalila take in Karim and provide him with a stability he did not find with his biological parents, but other adoptions (formal or informal) are less successful. The Othmans accept the presence of Badar in their household (he is ultimately revealed to be Uncle Othman’s great-nephew) but treat him as a servant. Likewise, his adoptive mother frames her care not as love but as a weary obligation born of the fact that “[his] mother was a relative on [her] mother’s side” (51). Such relationships establish the novel’s interest in The Harmful Edge of Dependency; power asymmetries that theoretically entail some protection or benefit for the less powerful party repeatedly cause harm.


Even in the absence of societal expectation, however, love and control sometimes bleed into one another. Khadija’s intense worry over Fauzia is an example. Her anxiety is born of both love and personal trauma, but it becomes suffocating, threatening to define her daughter as a permanent “invalid” in ways that shape her self-perception and limit her autonomy. Fauzia’s father explains his wife’s behavior with reference to maternal feeling, remarking, “Mothers […] see danger everywhere. It is an instinct, I expect” (56). His words suggest that in parent-child relationships especially, intense feelings of love and responsibility sometimes manifest in harmful ways.


The novel devotes substantial attention to the characters’ interiority to flesh out such ideas, revealing how each character’s psyche is shaped by their responses to societal constraint and personal trauma. Raya’s forced marriage and subsequent abuse dismantle her ingrained belief in obedience and lead her to prioritize self-protection: Her emotional detachment from Karim flows from this, as it is a complex psychological response to a child she associates with her own violation and loss of autonomy. Khadija’s anxiety is similarly rooted in a history of loss—her farm, her pregnancies—that she projects onto her daughter’s health, illustrating how past traumas are displaced onto the present. Meanwhile, the narrative instilled by Badar’s adoptive mother—that his birth family did not want him—becomes the core of his identity, manifesting in his recurring nightmare of a segmented, worm-like creature. This figure symbolizes his fragmented sense of self and the internalized shame of being unwanted.

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