Through My Eyes

Ruby Bridges

47 pages 1-hour read

Ruby Bridges

Through My Eyes

Nonfiction | Biography | Middle Grade | Published in 1999

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Chapters 7-10Chapter Summaries & Analyses

Chapter 7 Summary: “Going Home”

Bridges continues to discuss the crowd of protestors outside of the school and segregationist sentiment throughout the city. A swarm of white city residents and media personnel were still lining the block when Ruby and her mother left the building at the end of the first day. Bridges notes groups of high school boys chanting segregationist hymns, like a perversion of “The Battle Hymn of the Republic” that instead went, “Glory, glory segregation…” and one particularly terrifying sight shown beside the text in a photo from the author’s personal collection: Someone carrying a small coffin containing a Black baby doll (20-21).


The police barricaded the block on which the Bridges family lived, so Ruby still felt safe and removed from the chaos of the school block when she was at home. She continued to play outside every day after school. While her life in school had changed drastically, she still had her family and friends at home.


A note from Bridges’s first-grade teacher accompanies the narrative in this chapter. She wrote, “Leaving the school each day seemed even more frightening than arriving in the morning” (20). She also notes that even though the New Orleans police was tasked with protecting school staff, “They very much disliked being the ones to enforce integration, so you never could be confident of their support and cooperation” (20). This is an issue that Bridges herself did not realize as a child or note in her own narrative as an adult.

Chapter 8 Summary: “My First White Teacher”

School the second day was much like the first, although Bridges recounts specific taunts and threats she heard while walking up to the school entrance. She quotes racist slurs and direct threats of violence, like a woman who repeatedly told the young girl, “I’m going to poison you. I’ll find a way” (22). Bridges said she tried to ignore the aggression from the crowd.


Bridges met her teacher on the second school day at William Frantz. She was a young, white woman named Mrs. Barbara Henry. Mrs. Henry began instructing Bridges in a classroom alone, with Mrs. Bridges as the only other person attending. Many parents pulled their children out of school and the school administration did not make an effort to integrate the classrooms yet. Bridges stayed in the classroom all day. She recalls that she “wasn’t allowed to have lunch in the cafeteria or go outside for recess,” and that if she needed to use the bathroom, marshals waiting outside the door accompanied her (22).


Mrs. Bridges stopped attending on the third day, and Bridges remembers crying but going ahead alone.

Chapter 9 Summary: “What a Passerby Wrote”

The “passerby” to which Bridges refers in this chapter title is famous American author John Steinbeck. In 1960, Steinbeck took a road trip with his dog Charley. Bridges’s account of this trip became one of his published works, Travels with Charley. Steinbeck had heard about the racist crowds outside the elementary school and when he passed through New Orleans in November, he went to observe the crowd of protesters at William Frantz. He was particularly interested in a group of women known as the Cheerleaders, whose “foul language even shocked a man as worldly as Steinbeck” (24).


The chapter contains an excerpt from Travels with Charley that recounts Steinbeck’s impressions. He called the whole event a “show” and stressed how small Bridges was amidst the chaos of the crowd. He calls her a “fawn,” a “doll,” and a “mite” (25).


The chapter contains the famous Norman Rockwell illustration of Bridges walking to school surrounded by marshals, which was published in 1964 in Look Magazine. Bridges’s name did not appear in either Steinbeck’s account or in Rockwell’s title (named The Problem We All Live With). Bridges reveals that the names of all the integrating first graders in the city were never published for their protection.

Chapter 10 Summary: “Some Show Courage”

Bridges reviews the social dynamics among the white residents of New Orleans. She previously discussed parents who boycotted integration because they disapproved of it and did not want their children to consort with African American children, but she now discusses white parents who feared crossing the picket lines and becoming targets of violence themselves. “However,” she says, “A few families took the risk” (26). Methodist minister Reverend Lloyd Foreman walked his young white daughter, Pam, to school every day. The segregationist crowd “taunted them without mercy” (26).


Again, the book contains a sizeable excerpt from Travels with Charley. Steinbeck wrote about “the white man who dared to bring his white child to school” (26). Steinbeck recognized that the moment of Foreman’s arrival was highly anticipated among the crowd: “This is what they had come to see and hear,” he wrote (26). Writing of the reception the Cheerleaders gave the Foremans, Steinbeck said, “No newspaper had printed the words these women shouted…But now I heard the words, bestial and filthy and degenerate” (26).


The chapter also contains a picture of a white woman holding up a length of fabric with the caption, “Woman threatening to strangle the Reverend Foreman with her scarf” (26). These sources indicate that the dynamics of the conflict were not merely white versus Black, but rather segregationist versus integrationist, or racist versus antiracist.

Chapters 7-10 Analysis

This section provides a larger context for the early days of Ruby Bridges’s integration by referencing historical sources and going into more detail about the violence and hatred of the segregationists in New Orleans. John Steinbeck is known as one of the greatest American authors of the 20th century and won a Nobel Prize in Literature. While his language describing Bridges is infantilizing and dehumanizing, it illustrates the nation’s views of children during the period. Norman Rockwell is known as one of the greatest American illustrators and painters of the 20th century, whose paintings have sold in auctions for millions of dollars. The fact that these high-profile American popular cultural figures depicted Bridges’s story in their work highlights the event’s larger importance in American culture. The reader gets insight into the childhood worldview of the young Bridges through her own words, but at six years old, she did not understand the larger impact or implications of her actions. Adult commentators, especially publishing their work in the years following Bridges’s first-grade school year, reflected openly on the massive impact of the young girl’s school attendance, and continued to publicize her, even if not by name.


The reader also arrives at a more complex understanding of the way racism functioned in New Orleans at the time of early elementary school integration. There were white community members that “morally and spiritually” supported integration (26), and they became targets of other white community members who opposed it. This complicates an oversimplified white/Black binary that sometimes circulates in popular depictions of the civil rights era in the American South. The emphasis on the group of women dubbed “the Cheerleaders” may also be surprising to readers. Social norms of the mid-20th century dictated that women should be domestic, positive, quiet, and polite. The open hatred with which some white women treated Bridges, Reverend Foreman, and others aiding integration reveals that women and mothers in New Orleans broke these social norms and instead publicly endorsed profanity and threats of violence.


Bridges regarded the white people around her with some apprehension, as her world had been completely segregated before integrating the school. When she met her teacher Mrs. Henry, she remembered, “I had not spent time with a white person before, so I was uneasy at first” (22). The reader sees some of the behaviors Mr. Bridges anticipated when he doubted that “things would ever change” (12). Mr. Bridges’s apprehensions concerning his daughter’s safety are answered in the actions and behavior of the racism she and other families faced for attending the school.

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