Upheaval: Turning Points for Nations in Crisis

In 1939, Finland refused to agree to the Soviet Union’s territorial demands, as other Baltic states did. As a result, the Soviet Union attacked Finland during World War II. Putting up a fierce resistance, Finland ultimately retained its independence. However, the cost was high, with nearly 100,000 killed, which represented 2.5% of Finland’s population at the time (61). Finland’s successful navigation of the crisis during the Soviet invasion can partly be attributed to the “strength and origins of Finnish national identity; Finns’ ultra-realistic assessment of their country’s geopolitical situation” (62) and their success at making selective changes. It did this despite a lack of freedom of choice, no help from allies, and no models.

Although Finland identifies with Scandinavia, it has a distinct national identity. The Finnish language is unique and difficult to learn, making it a source of national pride and identity. Finland shares a land border with Russia that “is longer than that of any other European country” (62). That geographical reality has caused Finland to maintain “an excellent and trusting relationship” (57) with the former Soviet Union and Russia.

During the 1930s, Finland strengthened its armed forces under General Mannerheim and attempted to remain neutral in foreign affairs.