42 pages • 1-hour read
A modern alternative to SparkNotes and CliffsNotes, SuperSummary offers high-quality Study Guides with detailed chapter summaries and analysis of major themes, characters, and more.
Emily is the novel’s protagonist and narrator. In the opening chapters, she narrates concerns about her boringness and conventionality, especially in comparison to her vivacious, free-spirited, independent best friend. While Kristen moves across the world for a job opportunity and is perfectly happy without a romantic relationship, Emily is content to stay in Milwaukee and longs to find a life partner and become a mother. While she may think her normalcy makes her boring, that very quality allows readers to imaginatively inhabit her position and consider how they would handle her dilemma.
Emily’s childhood and young adult experiences created the prime conditions for a possessive manipulator like Kristen to gain a foothold in her life. Her father was cold and uncaring, sometimes using corporal punishment simply because he found her annoying. Her mother was distant and neglectful, taking no actions to protect Emily from her father. Her first college boyfriend, Ben, had anger issues that eventually escalated to his harming her. Moreover, Kristen and Emily met and bonded in a college economics class where they were the only two women. Given these past experiences, it is not surprising that Emily is slow to perceive that a fellow woman is going to violent lengths to control her, and quick to accept that woman’s claims of allyship against dangerous men.
As the novel progresses, Emily becomes an increasingly unreliable narrator as Kristen describes a version of the past that differs from Emily’s memory. As Kristen makes Emily question her own memory of Sebastian’s death, it emerges that Emily may not be an accurate mouthpiece for her own story. In addition to Emily’s uncertainty surrounding key facts, she also tends to evade responsibility for her role in the Sebastian and Paolo incidents. While the novel ultimately suggests she probably had no role in killing either man (although the reader never gets a certain answer about Sebastian’s death), she willingly participates in covering up their deaths. Her very normalcy and conventionality, though, make her unwilling to think of herself as capable of crime. As a result, the more she learns about Kristen’s dangerousness, the more willing she is to assign all blame to Kristen and see herself simply as Kristen’s victim.
The climax of the novel forces Emily to reckon with her similarities to Kristen, primarily her own dangerous anger, and she allows herself one cathartic moment when she pushes Kristen off the cliff. This moment is the culmination not just of her anger with Kristen, but with all the people, mostly men, who have coerced and intimidated her throughout her life. She seems to ultimately reject that vengeful part of herself, but the novel’s final lines leave open the possibility that she will revisit those impulses in the future.
Although Kristen is Emily’s antagonist and the only other three-dimensional character in the novel, she is nevertheless more of a cipher than Emily. Part of this is a natural consequence of the fact that Emily, and not Kristen, narrates the story, but part of it connects to the necessities of the thriller genre. In most good horror or thriller stories, the antagonist retains some degree of mystery, whether the mystery lies in their motivation, their backstory, their powers, or something else. When the reader knows everything about the antagonist in a thriller, the story often loses some of its menacing quality.
Many of the qualities that Emily assigns to Kristen in her Chapter 1 description turn out to be wildly inaccurate. Kristen is not independent; she needs Emily and cannot handle sharing her with anyone. Kristen is not free-spirited; she needs control and will do anything to secure it. While she skillfully presents as independent and free-spirited, her true personality is just the opposite.
Kristen does seem to be myopically interested in Emily in a way that indicates romantic attraction, a possibility reinforced by her attempts at separating Emily from every boyfriend she has over the course of the friendship. However, Kristen’s desire extends beyond romance or sexuality; she wants Emily to take the role of partner, best friend, and mother, and wants Emily to do the same with her.
Unlike Emily, who struggles with her own self-conception throughout the book, Kristen asks herself no questions that might lead to personal growth. While Emily tries to figure out whether she is a victim, a murderer, misguided, or all three, Kristen is unconcerned with such self-definition. She has no clear potential for change; all that changes is the reader’s understanding of her. Toward the end of the novel, the reader learns that Kristen’s childhood was afflicted by a sexually abusive father, the death of her parents, and the knowledge that her best friend was responsible for that death. This backstory makes her a more complicated figure, but, ultimately, she must die for Emily to live, as she will never let Emily live outside of her control. The novel’s final lines, though, call into question whether Kristen’s troubling legacy is really gone or if it partly lives on in Emily.
Aaron, Emily’s boyfriend, is a fairly static character, but he is the only one with whom the reader spends a substantial amount of time besides Emily and Kristen. Because of the book’s ominous tone and because Aaron seems too good to be true, some readers might spend much of the book wondering if he, like Kristen, is hiding some troubling secret or some aspect of his personality. By the end of the novel, however, Aaron is revealed to be simply a kind, thoughtful, supportive boyfriend.
Aaron’s goodness is an essential part of the story because it is a foil to Kristen’s selfishness and cruelty. From everything the reader knows, Aaron is the best boyfriend Emily has ever had. He picks her up at the airport without being asked, he listens to her carefully enough to remember small details, he supports her need to recover at her own pace from the trauma of sexual assault, and he never wavers in believing her when Kristen tries to turn him against her. If Kristen were a true friend, she would be overjoyed at Emily’s good fortune in finding such a partner. Instead, she makes strenuous efforts to separate the two. This behavior shows that Kristen’s habitual disapproval of Emily’s boyfriends has nothing to do with the men themselves and everything to do with Kristen’s desire to have Emily to herself.
In the novel’s climax, Kristen must die for Emily to live, but Emily cannot both kill Kristen and preserve her sense of self and her decency. Aaron handily resolves this dilemma by killing Kristen accidentally when he swerves his car to avoid hitting Emily in the road. The whole affair leaves him physically and psychologically scarred, but by the end of the novel, he seems well on his way to recovery in both senses.



Unlock analysis of every major character
Get a detailed breakdown of each character’s role, motivations, and development.