59 pages 1-hour read

What She Left Behind: A Haunting and Heartbreaking Story of 1920s Historical Fiction

Fiction | Novel | Adult | Published in 2015

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Chapters 6-10Chapter Summaries & Analyses

Content Warning: This section of the guide includes discussion of mental illness, gender discrimination, ableism, self-harm, addiction, child sexual abuse, physical abuse, child abuse, sexual violence, bullying, death, cursing, graphic violence, suicidal ideation, and substance use.

Chapter 6 Summary: “Clara”

Mr. Glen and a nurse named May drive Clara for six hours to Willard. When they stop to use the bathroom, Clara is shocked at her appearance. Glen tells her that the patients at Willard produce and cook their own food. They also make their clothes and coffins. Clara didn’t realize people died in institutions. Glen whistles the song that Clara and Bruno danced to, causing her to miss Bruno. Glen then takes Clara to Chapin Hall, where May introduces her to a doctor named Roach. Roach doesn’t speak to Clara and refuses to shake her hand. Clara looks for a way to escape but doesn’t think that she can outrun Glen.


May has Clara select a few practical dresses, sensible shoes, and underwear from her trunk. May flirts with Roach until she is relieved by a nurse named Trench. Trench takes Clara to a room with 50 beds, shows her to an empty one, and tells everyone, “Lights out!” Trench then watches Clara change into a nightgown and tells Clara to follow the rules and not ask questions. After Trench leaves the room, the other women make various sounds. One stands near Clara’s bed. Clara puts the dirty blanket over her head, cries, and prays.

Chapter 7 Summary: “Izzy”

After finishing work, Izzy tries to distract herself by watching MTV but keeps thinking about Clara and Bruno, as well as Ethan. Izzy also struggles to sleep, thinking about Ethan and her late father. She worries that trauma will cause her to develop a mental illness like her mother’s. As she is resisting the urge to self-harm, she hears tapping against her window. It’s Ethan.


Ethan convinces Izzy to come outside by threatening to ring the doorbell. He brought Clara’s journal for Izzy to read. She doesn’t want to take it and get in trouble with her foster parents, who are the nicest she’s encountered, but she does want to understand the mind of someone who was in a psychiatric institution, like her mother. Ethan says that Willard is haunted and apologizes for his part in defacing her locker. He also explains that Shannon has had a difficult life—her mother has an alcohol addiction and her father was abusive before he abandoned them—and swears Izzy to secrecy about this.


Izzy can’t imagine her parents abusing her. She decides to keep the journal, and they arrange a way for her to return it later by dropping it in a locker; that way, Shannon won’t see them together and get more jealous.

Chapter 8 Summary: “Clara”

Clara and other patients are forced to lie in tubs of ice water. One woman is unconscious and being pulled out of a tub. Another patient aggressively bathes Clara. Clara is released earlier than the other women because she has an appointment with Roach. When Clara arrives, Roach’s wife is waiting outside his office. Trench barges inside, where Nurse May is sitting in a chair with her skirt hiked up. Roach tells Trench that she’s supposed to knock. Trench tells Roach that his wife is waiting.


Roach orders May to take Clara to the examination room. May does, noting Clara’s height, weight, temperature, and blood pressure. Roach joins them, and Clara complains about May’s demeanor; she acts as if Clara doesn’t understand what’s being said. Roach ignores this exchange and listens to Clara’s heart.


Clara insists that she doesn’t need to be admitted. Roach says that he is only examining her physically today; they will meet to discuss her mental condition later. Roach continues an invasive medical exam, putting his pelvis against her buttocks and grabbing her breasts. Next, he looks into her mouth and presses down on her tongue with a wooden stick. Clara vomits on him. May drops Clara’s chart in the vomit and then starts cleaning Roach with some towels.


As Roach washes his hands, May yells at Clara and threatens her with isolation. Roach says that he doesn’t think Clara vomited intentionally, so isolation isn’t necessary. Clara explains that she’s pregnant. Roach doesn’t believe her and says the female physician who does gynecological exams is out for the day. May tries to convince Roach to get Trench to clean up the mess, but Roach tells her to get an orderly.


May then takes Clara to the cafeteria. There, a woman climbs up on a table, and an orderly pulls her down. May tells Trench about Clara vomiting and loudly announces that Clara thinks she is pregnant. Patients gather around Clara and grab at her. Trench and orderlies pull the women off of Clara, and Trench says that she’ll write up May for revealing this. May shrugs and leaves. Trench whispers to Clara to keep quiet about her pregnancy.


Clara gets her food: tea, prunes, and bread. She doesn’t want to eat but does so for her baby. A woman starts screaming and trying to steal another patient’s food for her doll. An orderly slaps her, and she sings a lullaby to the doll.

Chapter 9 Summary: “Izzy”

Clara shows no signs of mental illness in her journal. She seems like a typical teenager, and Izzy is surprised that Clara’s parents would have her committed for loving a lower-class immigrant.


When Ethan gets the journal from Izzy’s locker, he explains that Shannon has been overprotective, making him walk with her everywhere, because she hates that he’s working at the museum with Izzy. Just then, Shannon sees them in the hall, and Ethan says that Izzy’s locker was stuck. They all walk back to class, and Shannon kisses Ethan in front of Izzy in the doorway.


During class, the teacher, Mr. Defoe, asks students to consider whether people who commit crimes are acting out of character or in ways that reflect their fundamental personality. Shannon says that they should ask Izzy’s mother because she killed Izzy’s father and is in prison. Shannon’s friends begin taunting Izzy with questions about her mother. Defoe tells the students to stop, but the students ignore him and escalate their insults. Izzy starts to leave the room, but Ethan stops her and yells at everyone else. Students then begin to tease Ethan about liking Izzy, and Shannon is furious.


The class quiets, and Defoe gives Shannon detention. Shannon claims to have done nothing wrong. Alex mocks her and tells the class about Shannon’s family situation. Shannon lunges for Alex, but Ethan holds her back. Defoe threatens to suspend Shannon, who calls Alex a liar and her mother a “whore.” At this point, Defoe sends Shannon and Ethan to the principal’s office, and Ethan has to pull Shannon out of the room.


After class, Izzy goes to the bathroom, where she finds Shannon crying and being comforted by Crystal and Nicole. Izzy says that she knows what it’s like having a “fucked up” life, but Shannon insults Izzy and says that she doesn’t understand. Izzy offers to start over and be friends. Shannon tells Izzy to “start over” by getting a new job rather than working with Ethan, threatening Izzy when she refuses. Crystal and Nicole push Izzy against the wall and hold her there. Alex then comes out of a stall and tells them to release Izzy. They do. Shannon responds by pushing Alex, who stumbles but doesn’t fall. Izzy tells Shannon to leave Alex alone and threatens to steal Ethan, confessing that he came to her house. Shannon lunges for Izzy, but Alex pulls Izzy into the hall. They run outside to Alex’s car, though Shannon and the others pursue them.


As she drives, Alex lights a cigarette and explains that she and Shannon used to be best friends. Shannon revealed that her father was physically and sexually abusing her. Alex told her mother, who confronted Shannon’s mother. Shannon’s mother already knew but confronted her husband. In the ensuing fight, Shannon tried to protect her mother, so her father injured Shannon badly enough that she ended up in the hospital. Shannon’s father left town afterward, and Shannon stopped being friends with Alex. Ethan is just a trophy to Shannon, who is cheating on him.


Izzy reflects on the similarities between Shannon’s father and Clara’s father; they are both monsters. Izzy’s father was good to her, she believes. Alex says that her father died in a car accident and that her mother is obsessed with contacting him through mediums. Izzy explains that she doesn’t know why her mother killed her father. Alex drops off Izzy, who plans to give the journal back when Peg and Harry get home.

Chapter 10 Summary: “Clara”

Clara and many other patients sit in the “Sun Room” much of the time. It is physically painful for Clara to spend the majority of her days this way. One day, she is nauseous and stands to ask to use the restroom. An orderly named Richard tells her to sit down and wait for the next bathroom break. She vomits on the floor next to Richard. This upsets some patients, and Trench comes into the room and tells Richard to take Clara to room C.


Room C is an isolated cell. There, Richard hits Clara and, with the help of another orderly, straps Clara to the bed. A nurse comes in and gives Clara an injection. Clara vomits again and passes out. When she comes to, Trench is in the room, reading The Sun Also Rises. Trench lectures Clara about following the rule about asking before standing. Clara promises to follow the rule and do what Trench says. Trench undoes the straps, freeing Clara’s hands and feet. Clara has been asleep for two days, but Trench says that she must go directly to bed without eating. Clara tries to talk to Trench about love and her relationship with Bruno, but Trench threatens to put Clara back in isolation.


Clara does what Trench says for a couple weeks and is ultimately allowed to work as a potato peeler. Clara prefers this to the Sun Room because she can stand when she wants to. Undernourished, Clara can also steal bites of raw potatoes as she works. She enjoys taking the peelings outside and getting some fresh air.


One day, while putting the peelings in the compost pile, Clara follows a rat to a hole in the fence. She starts to make the hole larger, hiding it with peelings. She continues to enlarge the hole over the course of a week. When she tries to pull herself through, however, she gets stuck on her pregnant belly. She is pulled out of the hole by a man who explains that the boiler room is on the other side of the fence; it’s not a route for escape. The man shows her a trick to open a barely visible door in the fence.


Clara runs out the door, but the man follows. He catches her and says that she can’t break the rules. When she asks, he tells her that his name is Stanley and that he’s been at Willard for 20 years. She asks if he’ll show her the pigs that he was collecting scraps for, but he refuses. Stanley is called back to work, and his boss chastises Clara for distracting Stanley. Then, Stanley’s boss calls over Clara’s boss, who orders Stanley’s boss to patch the fence and takes Clara to Roach.


Roach interrogates Clara about her escape plan. She explains that she just wants to be free and is only here because of her father’s machinations. However, Roach accuses her of being paranoid about her father. She says that he should stop cheating on his wife with his employees. In response, he has her put in isolation for six days. The room is disgusting, containing one bulb, a toilet, and a cot. Meals come in twice a day through a slot. Trench eventually releases Clara.


In April, Clara guesses that she is two months away from giving birth. Clara’s body hurts during her appointment with Roach. It is their second meeting in five months, and Clara asks how he can evaluate her mental state with such infrequent interactions. He accuses her of wanting special treatment. She asks to be released. He asks if she thinks her father committed her to get rid of her, and she says that she’ll agree to whatever her father wants if she can be free. Roach asks if Clara is considering suicide, and she says that she isn’t: She wants to live with Bruno. However, Clara’s father told Roach that Bruno doesn’t exist.


By June, Clara is friends with two other patients. Esther was committed because she kissed someone who wasn’t her husband, and Madeline’s landlady claimed that she was swearing and talking to no one. Another patient, Ruby, is an Italian immigrant whose husband died; she was committed after becoming a sex worker. Clara wonders how many women at Willard have similar stories. Aloud, she wonders if she will be released when her baby is born.


Clara considers trying to escape via the creek, but it is too dangerous to swim in, and she doesn’t know how to swim anyway. The three women walk past Lawrence Lawrence, a patient who works as Willard’s gravedigger and lives in a run-down shack on the grounds. They also pass patients from the Rookie Pest House, who are separated from the general population and chained to their beds. She wonders if the people visiting Seneca Lake ever wonder about the patients at Willard that they can see in the distance.


As Clara works peeling potatoes, Madeline washes dishes nearby. She makes a face at their boss behind her back and drops a plate. Their boss turns around and pushes Madeline’s head against the cupboards. Clara intervenes to stop their boss from hitting Madeline, and their boss pushes Clara. Clara falls, hits her head, and her water breaks.


Clara wakes up in the infirmary on a stretcher. She tells the doctor that she’s in labor and that the father is named Bruno. The nurses move her to a bed. As Clara gives birth, a nurse gives her an injection of morphine, which causes her to pass out.

Chapters 6-10 Analysis

Wiseman uses Willard as an extreme example of the Institutional Control of Women’s Bodies. Clara’s first impressions of Willard’s Chapin Hall are of “a castle, a fortress, a prison with no escape” (87). The restriction of movement implied by the prison metaphor is just one of many ways Willard strips its residents of their bodily autonomy. For instance, privacy is nonexistent: Clara and the other patients are forced to undress in front of one another and staff members, as well as forced into ice baths until they become unconscious. Clara also endures isolation and drugging, the latter of which denies her control over even her own mind. Though Willard does have male patients, the gendered nature of much of its “care” is evident not only in the reasons for women’s commitment (e.g., sex work) but also in the sexual abuse female patients are subjected to. The hypocrisy of hospitalizing women for sexual “infractions” only to sexualize them as patients reveals that what is at issue is women’s control over their own sexuality.


This also speaks to the theme of Defining Female Autonomy as Mental Illness. Henry not only denies Clara permission to be with her beloved, Bruno; he tells Roach that Clara invented Bruno. In other words, Henry recasts Clara’s love for a lower-class man as a delusion. Rejecting patriarchal control thus becomes synonymous with mental illness. Similarly, Esther’s husband has her committed because “he caught her kissing another man” (145). By contrast, men like Roach pursue extramarital affairs without consequences, as society takes their freedom to pursue their desires for granted.


The use of alternating timelines encourages readers to see similar forces at work in Izzy’s storyline. In some ways, the social landscape of the 1990s is very different, as evidenced by the fact that Clara’s journal shocks Izzy: She “could barely comprehend Clara’s father sending her away because she was in love with a man he considered lower class” (115). This illustrates Izzy’s naivete, but it also reflects real changes in women’s status. Nevertheless, misogyny remains prevalent. In these chapters, Izzy continues to experience a gendered form of bullying while at school. For instance, Shannon and her friends, Crystal and Nicole, hold Izzy hostage in the bathroom, controlling her body with force to punish her for her association with Ethan. Izzy is freed by Alex; her friends are able to help her in ways that Clara’s friends can’t in the 1920s. However, the law requires that Izzy be present in a place where systemic misogyny places her in physical jeopardy.


The imprisonment of Izzy’s mother serves as an even more explicit parallel to Clara’s situation. Joyce killed Izzy’s father because he molested Izzy. However, where society often celebrates men who take revenge on their daughters’ attackers, Joyce has been punished and stigmatized, including by her own daughter. Izzy has repressed her father’s abuse and believes that her mother’s actions stemmed from mental illness: “All these years she’d wanted nothing more than to get inside her mother’s head, to try to figure out what would make a perfectly sane person suddenly lose her mind” (100). Izzy’s assumptions reflect internalized misogyny; she has revised her own memories to preserve her father’s reputation while buying into a cultural narrative that equates women’s resistance with violence and irrationality.


Izzy’s repression also develops the theme of Intergenerational Trauma and Resilience. Izzy’s self-harm directs her suppressed anger inward because she lacks an external outlet for that anger or even a framework to understand it. Her ignorance of the medical trauma, physical abuse, and sexual abuse that was rampant in state-run asylums in the 1920s underscores this point; it is a kind of societal repression that mirrors Izzy’s own amnesia. Izzy’s coming-of-age requires not only remembering her own trauma but also understanding its societal context and drawing strength from the examples of women who have endured similar abuse.

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